the rest of their lives. Alice also published a number of novels.

CARY, PHOEBE (1824-1871). Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and died in Newport, Rhode Island (see biography of Alice Cary).

CHAPMAN, ARTHUR (1873). Born in Rockford, Illnois. He received a public school education, and was married to Lillian Mathewson Eddy in 1895. He was reporter on Chicago Daily News and contributed verse to that paper from 1895 to 1898. In 1898, he went to the Denver Republican and since 1905 has conducted a column of verse (mostly western in tone), and paragraphs under the title of "Center Shots." He is a contributor to Harper's Magazine, McClure's, Everybody's, the Review of Reviews, the Outlook, the Independent, and the World's Work.

COOK, ELIZA (1812-1889). Born in Southwark, England. In her youth her writings were published in periodicals and attracted a great deal of notice. She established Eliza Cook's Journal, a weekly periodical, in 1849, but owing to failing health, discontinued it in 1854. Lays of a Wild Harp appeared in 1835, and her collected Poems in 1840; New Echoes in 1864, and Diamond Dust in 1865. Her poems attained wide popularity and have passed through various editions.

COOPER, GEORGE (1840). Born in New York City and educated in its public schools. After practising law a brief time, he abandoned it for the pursuit

of literature, contributing to the leading magazines. His poems, especially those for children, were widely admired for their pure sentiment and felicitous expression. He has written much verse for music.

COWPER, WILLIAM (1731-1800). Born at Great Berkhampstead Rectory, England, the son of a clergyman. Educated at Westminster School. He studied law and was appointed Commissioner of Bankrupts. Weakly from a child, he had in manhood periodical attacks of insanity. He died and was buried in Dereham, Norfolk. He wrote much verse, "The Task" being his longest poem. He also translated the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" of Homer.

COZZENS, FREDERICK SWARTWOUT (18181869). Born in New York City, the son of a prosperous merchant, who gave him an excellent education. He adopted literature as a pastime and soon became noted as a humorist, both in prose and verse. His sketches, published in book form under the title of The Sparrowgrass Papers, had an enormous circulation. He died suddenly in Brooklyn.

DALY, THOMAS AUGUSTINE (1871). Born at Philadelphia, educated at Villanova College and Fordham University. Since 1908 General Manager Catholic Standard and Times. Has published three books of verse, Canzoni, Carmina, and Madrigali.

DICKENS, CHARLES (1812-1870). Born at Landport, Portsea, England. His father was unsuc

cessful in business, being arrested for debt when Charles was ten years of age, and the boy's education was sadly neglected. He worked at small jobs, teaching himself shorthand at night, and at the age of nineteen became Parliamentary reporter for a newspaper. Two years later he began contributing papers to various periodicals; these attracted considerable attention and were collected and published under the title of Sketches of Boz, Boz being a family sobriquet derived from the pet name of Mose or Moses. Pickwick Papers, his first extended work, was published in 1837 and established his reputation as a writer of a new order of fiction, whose distinguishing characteristic was delineation of unique characters. In almost yearly succession until his death he produced the novels which remain to-day the most popular works of English fiction. He twice visited America, in 1842 and in 1867, giving readings from his works, which were even more popular here than at home. He also wrote a number of successful plays, and founded two magazines of great popularity Household Words and All the Year Round. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

DORR, JULIA CAROLINE (RIPLEY) (1825). Born at Charleston, South Carolina. Becoming motherless in infancy, her father took her to Vermont, where she was educated. She married Seneca M. Dorr of New York. Subsequent to his death in 1884 she removed to Vermont, where she now resides. She is the author of a number of novels and books of verse.

DOWNING, FANNIE (MURDAUGH) (1835-1894). In 1851 she married Charles W. Downing, secretary of

the State of Florida.

She wrote several volumes of verse under her own name and the pseudonyms of "Viola" and "Frank Dashmore." Her poems show power, combined with scholarship.

DRAKE, JOSEPH RODMAN (1795-1820). Born at New York. He received a purely scientific education and became a physician. He published one volume of poems which was very popular, especially the poems "The Culprit Fay" and "The American Flag." His early death was caused by consumption. He was buried at Hunt's Point, now in the Borough of the Bronx, New York City.

DUFFERIN, HELEN SELENA (SHERIDAN), COUNTESS OF (1807-1867). Granddaughter of Richard Brinsley Sheridan. She shared the family talent and wrote a good deal of verse, her best known piece being perhaps "The Lament of the Irish Emigrant," which is included in this volume.

DWIGHT, JOHN SULLIVAN (1813-1893). Born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was educated at Harvard University and prepared for the ministry at the Harvard Divinity School. Leaving the ministry, he joined the Brook Farm community. Here he edited the musical department of the Harbinger, the organ of the community. Upon the failure of the experiment, he continued his work as musical critic in Boston. He wrote verse, as well as composed music, with facility and grace.

ELIOT, GEORGE, pseudonym of Mrs. Mary Ann (Evans) Cross (1819-1880). Born near Nuneaton,

Warwickshire, England, and lived quietly at home until her father's death in 1849. She began her literary career with translations and various short articles in the Westminster Review. She later became an assistant editor of this paper, in which capacity she was thrown into the society of George Henry Lewes, a prominent journalist and philosopher, with whom she entered into an irregular connection because by a legal technicality he was prohibited from divorcing his wife, though she had eloped with another man. Encouraged by Lewes she began to write fiction, and her first novel, The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. Amos Barton, appeared in 1857. Many others followed, of which the best known are Adam Bede, Silas Marner, Middlemarch, and Daniel Deronda. Her poetical works are "The Spanish Gipsy," "Agatha," "The Legend of Jubal," and "Armgart." Mr. Lewes died in 1878, and in 1880 George Eliot married John Walter Cross. She died eight months afterward, in the same year. George Eliot was more successful in fiction than in verse. Edmund Clarence Stedman said: "A little poem in blank verse, entitled 'O May I Join the Choir Invisible!' and setting forth her conception of the religon of humanity, is worth all the rest of her poetry, for it is the outburst of an exalted soul foregoing personal immortality and compensated by a vision of the growth and happiness of the human race."

EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (1803-1882). Born at Boston, Massachusetts. He entered Harvard University in 1817 and, after passing through the usual course there, studied for the ministry, to which he was ordained in 1827. He resigned from the ministry in