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does not extend to any other object. Such are to sleep, to recline, &c.

The verb to be, when it signifies possession, will have a genitive case after it, as, That IS his; the grapes WERE the gardener's.

The participle present, when preceded by an article, becomes in some sort a substantive, and conveys, like the infinitive mode, an abstract idea of the action; as, THE WRITING so much fatigues me ;-which is the same in sense as, To WRITE so much, &c: and this may be considered as one of the peculiarities of the English; for in most other languages the infinitive would be employed in phrases of this kind: in the English, the use of the infinitive would give a stiff and foreign air to the sentence. When a noun or pronoun personal precedes a participle present standing thus in the place of a substantive, the article is omitted, and the first noun is in the genitive case, according to the rule already given, as Who would have thought of Alexander's conquering the world?-i. e, of the conquering the world by Alexander. It might be rendered by a verb personal with the conjunction that-i. e. that Alexander would conquer, &c; but it would be less idiomatic.

When a participle is connected with a noun

or pronoun personal, the noun, being the agent, will be in the nominative case, and the phrase becomes what is called by grammarians a nominative case absolute, as,

"And finding disciples, we tarried there seven days." *

“He descending will himself,

In thunder, lightning, and loud trumpet's sound Ordain them laws-"†

"But Herod the tetrarch, being reproved by him for Herodias his brother Philip's wife, &c."+

"Let me not burst in ignorance, but tell Why thy canonized bones hearsed in death Have burst their cearments." §

6. Adverb.

The adverb has its place most frequently after the verb and before the adjective whose sense it modifies; but it not unfrequently is placed between the auxiliary and the participle of a compound tense, as,

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"I speak but brotherly of him,"§

Epictetus makes use of another kind of

* Acts.

+ Milton. Luke. Shakespeare.

allusion, which is VERY beautiful and WONDERFULLY proper to incline us to be satisfied with the post in which Providence has placed us."

“Men . . who are contented with a competency, and WILL not MOLEST their tranquillity to gain an abundance.”

"The Stoics thought they COULD NOT sufficiently REPRESENT the excellence of virtue if they did not comprehend in the notion of it all possible perfections."*

The following is the usual place in the sentence of the different kinds of adverbs.

1. ADVERBS OF NUMBER are usually placed after the verb and its accusative, if it be a verb transitive, as I told them TWICE: but sometimes they will be found placed between the pronoun and the verb, as, I TWICE told them; or even before it, when much emphasis is required, as,

"Once or twice

I was about to speak and tell him plainly, &c."+

The first however is the natural and colloquial order of the words.

2. ADVERBS OF ORDER stand after the verb,

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as, I went FIRST, or the verb and its accusative, if there be one, as, I saw him LAST. those of number, too, they may be removed from their usual place for the sake of emphasis.

3. ADVERBS OF PLACE are always after the verb, excepting in one or two especial phrases. Thus we say, Come HITHER, He is going THITHER, they are HERE, I was THERE: but these last have their place first in the phrases, HERE am I,-THERE he is,and the like, as "Here am I, for thou didst call me.'

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"Here comes the fool i' faith." "There's for thy pains." "Here's an over-weening rogue." "There is no way but this, Sir Andrew.”+

4. ADVERBS OF TIME have their place after the verb, or between the pronoun or nominative and the verb, or, in compound tenses between the auxiliary and the participle, as,

"I happened to stumble against a crust and fell flat on my face. I GOT UP immediately, &c." +

"When dinner was almost done, the nurse came in with a child of a year old in her arms, WHO immediately SPIED me, &c."‡

"The barbarity of the action was represented

* Samuel.

↑ Shakespeare.

+ Swift.

to Mark Antony, WHO immediately SUMMONED Herod."*

"Two hundred carpenters and engineers WERE immediately SET to work.”

Sometimes an adverb of time stands absolutely, and then it has its place at the beginning of the sentence, as,

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"Hereafter ye shall see the son of man," &c. Immediately after the tribulation of those days-" +

"Now, when used as an expletive, also stands first in the sentence, as,

"Now, when Jesus was born in Bethlehem.+ 5. Adverbs of QUANTITY may be placed after or before the verb indifferently, as, he had ENOUGH to pay his expenses, or, ENOUGH was given him to pay his expenses. MUCH is required. I do not ask MUCH.

6. ADVERBS OF QUALITY are placed after the verb, or between the nominative and verb, as, he reasoned WISELY.

"I am not prone to weeping as our sex

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7. Adverbs of DOUBT are generally placed first, as, PERHAPS he will come.

* Addison. + Matthew. + Shakespeare.

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