a chapel of ease, recently erected. St. Thomas is a hand- | personal and virulent abuse; and also when one man im some building in the modern style of English architecture, pugns or disparages, in any of the above-mentioned ways with a lofty spire. There are places of worship for Metho- the character of some relative or intimate friend of anothe dists, Baptists, Independents, Unitarians, and the Society man. An insult or injury to a female relative in particula of Friends. The free grammar-school was founded by or to a female companion, such as a partner in a ball-room Thomas Wattewood, clothier, of Stafford, and Mark Bysmor, is always accounted a great affront. Sometimes even th stillworker, of London, and endowed with land by queen simple fact of success in an amatory affair is construed b Elizabeth, the annual value of which is now above 3007. the unsuccessful rival as an affront, and he who has su The master receives 2001. a year, and the number of ceeded is called upon for satisfaction. Such are the prin scholars averages about 30 or 40. A charity-school for cipal affronts which, according to custom or fashion or (a clothing and educating 40 girls, and another charity for it is also called) the law of honour, are, at different time clothing seven poor men was established in 1819, by Mrs. reasons or grounds for fighting a duel. Cartwright, in consequence of a legacy left for that purpose by the Rev. Henry Antrobus. A school for clothing and educating 50 boys was founded 1732, and endowed with land by Robert, Šamuel, and Ann Baylis. About 200 boys are educated here, exclusively of those on the foundation. There is a blue school, where 230 boys, and a school of industry, where 220 girls are educated. The Unitarians have also a school for girls.

A fossil called the Dudley Locust is found in great quantities and variety of sizes in the limestone quarries in the neighbourhood; it is supposed to be an extinct species of Monoculus. Nash, in his History of Worcestershire,' mentions one four inches five-eighths in length, and three inches three-fourths in width.

In the vicinity of Dudley there are several chalybeate springs, as well as a spa well, held in high estimation for its efficacy in cutaneous disorders.

DUEL, a hostile meeting between two persons in consequence of an affront given by one of them to the other, and for the purpose (as is said) of satisfaction from the person affronting to the person affronted. Such is a general description of the duel, as now existing in England and other European nations, and in America.`

The rise of the present duel, or practice of duelling, is to be referred to the trial by battle which obtained in early ages, jointly with the single combat or tournament of the age of chivalry, which again most probably owed its own existence to the early trial by battle. This trial by battle, or duel (as it was also called), was resorted to, in accordance with the superstitious notions of the time, as a sure means of determining the guilt or innocence of a person charged with a crime, or of adjudicating a disputed right. It was thought that God took care to superintend, and to see that, in every case, innocence was vindicated and justice observed. The trial by battle, or duel, thus viewed, was introduced into England by William the Conqueror, and established in three cases; viz., in the court-martial or court of chivalry, in appeals of felony, and in civil cases upon issue joined in a writ of right. Once established as a mode of trial, the duel was retained after the superstition which had given rise to it had died away, and was resorted to for the purpose of wreaking vengeance, or gaining reputation by the display of courage. Then came the age of chivalry, with its worship of punctilio and personal prowess, its tilts and tournaments; and the duel, originally a mode of trial established by law, became in time (what it now is) a practice dependent on certain conventional rules of honour, or on fashion.

We shall confine ourselves to a consideration of the duel in its present character. This duel takes place, as we have already said, in consequence of an affront. In order then to have a complete notion of the present practice of duelling, we must understand what an affront is, and the best way of explaining this word affront is the way of enumeration; for were we to content ourselves with saying that an affront is anything which (in the common phrase) hurts a man's feelings, or again, which wounds his honour, we should only be using words which themselves require to be explained as much as the word affront. We might as well say at once, forgetting that it is our object to explain the grounds or reasons of a duel, that an affront is anything which is at any time the ground or reason of a duel; for we should give as much and as correct information by this as by either of the preceding explanations.

An affront is considered to be given when one man charges or insinuates against another that he is guilty of a lie, of dishonesty in pecuniary transactions, of cowardice, of hypocrisy, of being actuated by one motive or set of motives when he professes to be actuated by others; when (in the common phrase, which is sufficiently vague and comprehensive), one man imputes motives to another; when he indulges in expressions of contempt, or what is styled

When any one of these affronts has been given by on man to another, it is the custom or fashion for this last call on the affronter to retract, explain, or apologize for (a the case may be) that which constituted the affront, or el (in significant phrase) to give the usual satisfaction,-th satisfaction (as it is also sometimes circumloquized) whic one gentleman expects from another. He at the same tin usually names some friend, in whose keeping (to use t fashionable phrase) he places his honour, and to whom h affronter is to address any communication. This call challenge having reached its destination, and the affront being unable or unwilling to retract, explain, or apologiz he too singles out a friend to whom he likewise entrusts h honour; the two friends or seconds (as they are calle then make arrangements for a meeting between the affront and the person affronted, or (varying the expression) t challenger; they fix the time and place, and get ready t weapons; the meeting takes place; the word fire is uttere according to a previous agreement between the second the hostilities commence, and they proceed until one of t parties either fires in the air, or is killed or wounded, until the seconds interfere to stop them. The parties, rather so many of them as are alive, then leave the grour satisfied; the principals (if both are alive) sometim shaking hands with one another, to denote either the retu or the commencement of friendship. Such are most of circumstances of a duel.

It is professed that this duel takes place for the purp of satisfaction. The affronter professes to have satisfied man whom he has affronted, and the challenger professes have been satisfied by the man whom he has challeng after they have fired, or have had an opportunity of fir pistols at one another. That this satisfaction, which one professes to give and the other to receive, is of that s which is also expressed by the word reparation, is of cou out of the question. Satisfaction in this its most obvi sense, or reparation for an injury, cannot be effected by injured man firing at his injurer, and (what is more) be fired at in return.

The satisfaction furnished by a duel is of a differ sort, and of a sort which, were it distinctly comprehend would at once show the absurdity of the practice: is a satisfaction occasioned by the knowledge that, standing fire, the challenger has shown his courage, that the world cannot call him coward. Now it is cl

that there would be no reason for dissatisfaction on point, previous to the fighting of the duel, and therefore reason for seeking satisfaction of this sort, were it not t the practice of duelling existed. Were men not in the bit of fighting duels, and therefore not expected to exp themselves to fire after having received an affront, th would be no ground for calling their courage into quest and therefore no necessity for satisfying themselves that world thinks them courageous. The practice of duell then itself causes the evil which it is called in to remedy the injury for which it is required to administer satisfact Such being the case, we call the practice absurd. And ev one who saw this would immediately see its absurdity. the word satisfaction is conveniently ambiguous. When speaks of it, or hears it spoken of, one thinks of that satis tion which means reparation for an injury, and which is the satisfaction furnished by the duel;. and it is fand that the practice has some reason in it. Thus are men dupes of words.

The real object then of the duel is, in most cases, to sat the person who provokes it, or who sends the challenge, the world does not suspect him of a want of courage; an will be useful to observe, in passing, that the duel furnis this sort of satisfaction as well to the man who gave affront, as to him who was affronted. Its object also certain cases, is doubt.ess to gratify the vengeance of

This duty is peculiarly incumbent on public men, whose sphere of influence is larger, and whose means of producing good effects by example are therefore greater, than those of others. A public man who should at all times refuse to challenge or to accept a challenge, resting his refusal on the ground of the evil tendency of duelling, not of the infraction of some other duty which an accident has in his case connected with it (as the violation of an oath), and who should at the same time preserve himself from suspicion or reproach by circumspection in speech, by a manly defence, where it is possible, and, where it is not, by a manly apology, would be a mighty aid for the extirpation of this practice.

We have said nothing as to the objections to duelling on religious grounds, it being never denied, so far as we are aware, that the practice is incompatible with the profession of Christianity.

DUET (Duetto, Ital. from Duo), a musical composition for either two voices or two instruments. According to the Padre Martini, the duo is a vocal composition in the severe ecclesiastical style, without any kind of accompaniment; the duetto, or diminutive of duo, one written more freely, in a lighter manner, and admitting accompaniment. The older word is now, however, become obsolete.

DUFRESNE. [CANGE, DU.] DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM, was the only son of John Dugdale, Esq., of Shustoke, in the county of Warwick, where he was born September 12th, 1605. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Arthur Swynfen, Esq., of Staffordshire. He was in part educated in the free-school at Coventry, and subsequently with his father, with whom he also read Littleton's Tenures,' some other law-books, and history. In 1622 he married Margery, the second daughter of Jolin Huntbach, Esq., of Seawall, in Staffordshire. Upon his father's death in 1624, he succeeded to a small estate in Shustoke, to which he added by purchase the manor of Blythe, in that parish, in 1625. This latter estate is still in the possession of his descendants.

Dugdale's natural inclination, which was chiefly the study of antiquities, brought him acquainted with the most eminent antiquaries of his day. Sir Symon Archer, of Tamworth, introduced him to Sir Christopher Hatton and Sir Henry Spelman, by whose joint interest with the earl of Arundel, then Earl Marshal, he was created a pursuivantat-arms extraordinary, by the name of Blanche Lyon, in September, 1638. Afterwards he was made Rouge Croix pursuivant in ordinary, by letters patent dated March 18th, 1639-40; by which means, having lodging in the Heralds' College, and convenient opportunities, he made large collections from the Records in the Tower of London, as well as from other places.

After the surrender of Oxford upon Articles, Dugdale, having the benefit of them, and having compounded for his estate, went to London; where he and Dodsworth proceeded vigorously in completing their collections from the Tower Records and Cottonian library. A short absence from England in 1648, when he attended lord and lady Hatton to Paris, enabled him to improve his and Dodsworth's collections with notices and charters relating to the Alien Priories of England, from the papers of Andrew Du Chesne. When their collections were ready, the booksellers, declining to venture upon so large and hazardous a work, Dodsworth and Dugdale printed the first volume at their own charge, which was published in 1655, in folio, under the tile of ‘Monasticon Anglicanum,' adorned with the views of abbeys, churches, &c. The second volume was published in folio, in 1661. These two volumes were collected, and chiefly written by Dodsworth; but Dugdale took great pains in methodizing and disposing the materials, in making several indexes to them, and in correcting the press. Dodsworth died in August, 1654, before the tenth part of the first volume was printed off. A third volume was published in 1673.

From an entry in his diary, as early as 1658, Dugdale appears to have feared that a translation of the Monasticon' would have been published by Mr. King, probably Gregory King, at that time his clerk. That such a one was prepared, as far as the first volume was concerned, is evident, since Dugdale describes it as 'erroneously Englished in a multitude of places.' The translation, however, or rather the epitome, which was subsequently printed, did not appear till 1692, six years after Sir William Dugdale's death. The dedication to William Bromley, Esq., is signed J. W. It is ascribed to James Wright, who, in 1684, published the History and Antiquities of the County of Rutland.' Another epitome, by an anonymous writer, was published in 1718: but believed to have been by Captain John Stevens, who, in 1722 and 1723, published two additional volumes to the Monasticon,' which, besides an abundance of additional information in English, contained a very large collection of new charters, together with the History of the Friaries, to which no place had been assigned in the volumes published by Dugdale. The Rev. Samuel Peck, in 1735, promised a fourth volume of the Monasticon,' which was never completed. His collections for it are in the British Museum.

An improved edition of the 'Monasticon' was undertaken in 1812 by the Rev. Bulkeley Bandinel, D.D., keeper of the Bodleian library at Oxford, who soon relinquished his task to two other gentlemen who had been called in as coadjutors, John Caley, Esq., of the Augmentation Office, and Henry Ellis, Esq., keeper of the MSS. in the British In 1641, by Sir Christopher Hatton's encouragement, Museum. An account of each religious house, in English, he superintended the making of exact drafts of all the was prefixed to its respective series of Latin charters, and monuments in Westminster Abbey, St. Paul's Cathedral, many new materials from leiger-books, rolls, and other doand in many other cathedral and parochial churches of cuments were added, including all that was valuable in England; particularly those at Peterborough, Ely, Nor- Stevens's volumes, with the history of several hundred reliwich, Lincoln, Newark-upon-Trent, Beverley, Southwark, gious foundations which were unknown to Dugdale. The Kingston-upon-Hull, York, Selby, Chester, Lichfield, Tam-chief of the prints, by Hollar, which ornamented the original worth, Warwick, &c. The drawings were made by one edition, were re-engraved, and above 200 plates of churches William Sedgewick, an arms-painter, then a servant of Sir and monasteries added, from drawings made exclusively Christopher Hatton; the inscriptions were copied by Dug- for the work. This new edition was completed in 1830, in dale. Both were deposited in Sir Christopher Hatton's six volumes folio, the last volume divided into three parts. library, that the memory of these monuments might at least be preserved; the state of the times threatening imminent destruction to the originals.

In 1656 Dugdale published, at his own charge, ‘The Antiquities of Warwickshire, illustrated from Records, Leiger-books, Manuscripts, Charters, Evidences, Tombes. In June, 1642, the king, who had retired to York, sum- and Armes, beautified with Maps, Prospects, and Portraiemoned Mr. Dugdale to attend upon him, according to the tures, folio, Lond.: this is one of the very best of our county duty of his office. Dugdale accordingly repaired to York, histories. A second edition was published, in two volumes and was afterwards commanded to attend the earl of North- folio, in 1730, revised and augmented by William Thomas, ampton, who was marching into Worcestershire to oppose D.D.; and a third was contemplated a few years ago, and the forces raised by lord Brooke for the service of the Par-large preparations made for it, by the late William Hamper, liament. He attended upon the king at the battle of Edge- Esq., of Birmingham. While this work was printing, Dughill, and afterwards at Oxford, where he continued with his dale remained in London, during which time he had an Majesty till the surrender of the garrison there to the Par- opportunity of collecting materials for another work, which liament, June 22nd, 1646. He was created M.A. November he published in 1658, The History of St. Paul's Cathedral. 1st, 1642; and April 16th, 1644, was promoted to the in London, folio. A second edition of this work, enlarged, office of Chester-herald. During his long residence at was published in 1716, in folio, by Edward Maynard, D.D., Oxford, he applied himself to such researches in the Bod- rector of Boddington in Northamptonshire; and a third. .eian, and the different college libraries, as he thought in 1818, by Henry Ellis, Esq. The plates of the original might conduce toward the furtherance of the 'Monasticon,' | editions, both of the Warwickshire and the St. Paul's, were then designed by Roger Dodsworth and himself; as well as by Hollar. To the two last editions of the St. Paul's a life to the history of the antient nobility of the realm, and of of Dugdale was prefixed. which he afterwards made much use in his 'Baronage.'

Upon the restoration of King Charles II., through Lord

Chancellor Hyde's recommendation, Dugdale was advanced DUISBURG, the chief town, lies on the Ruhr and Anto the office of Norroy King of Arms. In 1662 he pub-gerbach, not far from the right bank of the Rhine, which lished The History of Imbanking and Drayning of divers Fenns and Marshes, both in Foreign Farts and in this Kingdom, and of the Improvements thereby,' fol. Lond. 1662: a second edition of which, revised and corrected by Chas. Nalson Cole, Esq., appeared in fol. Lond. 1772. This work was written at the desire of the Lord Gorges, Sir John Marsham, and others, who were adventurers in draining the great level which extends itself into a considerable part of the counties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, Norfolk, and Suffolk. [BEDFORD LEVEL.] About the same time Dugdale completed the second volume of Sir Henry Spelman's Councils,' which was published in 1664 under the title of Concilia, Decreta, Leges, Constitutiones in Re Ecclesiarum Orbis Britannici, &c., ab Introitu Normannorum, A.D. 1066, ad Exutum Papam, A.D. 1531. Accesserunt etiam alia ad Rem Ecclesiasticam spectantia,' fol. Archbishop Sheldon and Lord Clarendon, who were the reat encouragers of this labour, likewise employed Dugdale to publish the second part of Sir Henry Spelman's Glossary. Having revised the first part, which had been published in 1626, and arranged the materials of the second, both were printed together in 1664 under the title of Glossarium Archaiologicum, continens Latino-barbara, Peregrina, Obsoleta, et Novæ Significationis Vocabula.' The second part, digested by Dugdale, began with the letter M. There was another edition of this work in 1687.

In 1666 he published, in folio, Origines Juridiciales; or, Historical Memoirs of the English Laws, Courts of Justice, Forms of Trial, Punishment in Cases Criminal, Law Writers,' &c. &c., with portraits of several of the judges, and some other plates. A second edition was published in 1671, and a third in 1680. The first volume of 'The Baronage of England' appeared in 1675, and the second and third in 1676, folio. Upon this work he had spent thirty years of labour; and though the corrections to be made in it are numerous, it still remains one of the best works which exist as a foundation of English history. [BARONAGE.]

once washed its walls; in 51° 26' N. lat., and 6° 46′ E. long. It is said to have received its name from the Tuisconi or Teutones, who had a camp on this spot: in the time of the Romans it was denominated the Castrum Deusonis. The town is surrounded by walls and decayed towers on one side, and by a rampart and ditches on the other, and is situated in a fertile and agreeable country. The number of houses is about 700, and of inhabitants about 5500 in 1784 the number of the one was 682, and of the other 3531 the population has therefore increased about 1969 during the last fifty-two years, or upwards of one per cent. yearly on the average. Duisburg contains a gymnasium founded in 1599, an orphan asylum and hospital, endowed almshouses, a monastery of Minorites, and five churches, of which that of John the Baptist dates from the year 1187, and that of St. Salvator, on the tower of which once stood an observatory, from 1415; two of them are Roman Catholic, and the others Protestant. It was the site of a Protestant university, founded in 1655 and abolished in 1802. There are considerable manufactures in the town, particularly of woollen-cloth, cottons, stockings, hats, woollen coverlids, veivet, soap, starch, and leather; and an extensive traffic with the Westphalian provinces in wine and colonial produce, grain, and cattle. In the neighbourhood there are two iron-works, where large quantities of cast-iron are made. Duisburg forest, mentioned by_Tacitus (Annal. i. 60), under the name of the Saltus Teutoburgensis, is in the vicinity.

The

DUKE. The title given to those who are in the highest rank of nobility in England. The order is not older in England than the reign of king Edward III. Previously to that reign those whom we now call the nobility consisted of the barons, a few of whom were earls. Neither baron ncr earl was in those days, as now, merely a title of honour; the barons were the great tenants in chief, the earls important officers in the community. It does not appear that in England there was ever any office or particular trust united with the other titles of nobility, viscount, marquis, and duke. They seem to have been from the beginning_merely honorary

In May, 1677, Dugdale was created Garter King of Arms, and the day after received from his Majesty the honour of knighthood, much against his will, on account of the small-distinctions. They were introduced into England in imitaness of his estate. In 1681 he published A short View of the late Troubles in England, briefly setting forth their Rise, Growth, and Tragical Conclusion,' folio. This is the least valued of his publications. He published also, at the same time, 'The Antient Usage in bearing of such Ensigns of Honour as are commonly called Arms,' &c., 8vo., a second edition of which, with large additions, was published in the beginning of the year following; and a third edition, edited by T. C. Banks, Esq., folio, London, 1811.

The last work which Dugdale published was A perfect Copy of all Summons of the Nobility to the Great Councils and Parliaments of this Realm, from the 49th of king Henry III. until these present times,' folio, London, 1685. A facsimile, with the original date of this work, was printed at Birmingham between forty and fifty years ago.

This industrious man died at Blythe Hall, February 10th, 1696, in his eighty-first year, in consequence of a cold; and was interred at Shustoke. His epitaph in Latin, written by himself, is inscribed upon a tablet near the spot of his interment.

An account of Dugdale's manuscript collections remaining in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, and in the possession of his descendant, the late Dugdale Stratford Dugdale, Esq., at Merevale in Warwickshire, will be found appended to his Life, Diary, and Correspondence, edited by William Hamper, Esq., 4to., London, 1827, whence the principal particulars of the present life have been obtained. (See also the life prefixed to the last edition of the History of St. Paul's; and Chalmers's Biogr. Dict., vol. xii., pp. 420-427.) DUGONG. [WHALES.]

DUIKERBOK. [ANTELOPE, vol. ii., p. 81, species 30.] DUISBURG, a circle in the northern part of the great administrative circle of Düsseldorf in Rhenish Prussia, about 252 square miles in area, and containing 8 towns, 1 market-town, 14 villages, and 3 hamlets, with a population of about 76,500 inhabitants: an increase of 17,150 since 1817. The Rhine is the western and the Lippe the northern boundary. It possesses rich coal-mines, and has 108,850 acres of fine arable land, and 27,720 of meadows and pastures: grain, tobacco, rapeseed, flax, hemp, hops, inseed, &c. are raised.

tion of our neighbours on the continent. Abroad however the titles of duke and marquis had been used to designate persons who held no small political power, and even independent sovereignty. The czar was duke of Russia or Muscovy. There were the dukes of Saxony, Burgundy, and Aquitaine: persons with whom the earls of this country would have ranked, had they been able to maintain as much independence on the sovereign as did the dukes on the continent of the Germanic or the Gallic confederacy. An important officer during the lower empire had the title of dux, which is probably the origin of the modern duke or doge in every country of Europe. [DOGE.]

The first person created a duke in England was Edward Prince of Wales, commonly called the Black Prince He was created duke of Cornwall in parliament, in 1335, the eleventh year of king Edward III. In 1350, Henry, the king's cousin, was created duke of Lancaster, and when he died in 1361, his daughter and heir having married John of Gaunt, the king's son, he was created duke of Lancaster, his elder brother Lionel being made at the same time duke of Clarence. The two younger sons of king Edward III. were not admitted to this high dignity in the reign of their father: but in the reign of Richard II, their nephew Edmund was made duke of York, and Thomas duke of Gloucester.

The dignity was thus at the beginning kept within the circle of those who were by blood very nearly allied to the king, and we know not whether the creation of the great favourite of king Richard II., Robert Vere earl of Oxford, duke of Ireland, and marquis of Dublin, is to be regarded as an exception. Whether, properly speaking, an English dignity or an Irish, it had but a short endurance, the earl being so created in 1385 and attainted in 1388.

The persons who were next admitted to this high dignity were of the families of Holland and Mowbray. The former of these was half-brother to king Richard II.; and the latter was the heir of Margaret, the daughter and heir of Thomas de Brotherton, a younger son of king Edward I., which Margaret was created duchess of Norfolk in 1358. This was the beginning of the dignity of duke of Norfolk, which is still existing, though there have been several for