The existence of torulæ, therefore, cannot be regarded as an indication of the presence of sugar upon which any great reliance can be placed, neither, on the other hand, does the absence of the torula prove that no sugar exists in the Urine.* Penicilium glaucum occurs under a variety of different forms, according to its stage of growth. The sporules are round, a b, fig. 1, or oval, c, d, e, f. These may become elongated and developed so as to form a thallus, which is much branched and spreads rapidly in all directions. Sometimes it goes on to the stage of aërial fructification. The sugar fungus, which is the same as the yeast torula, also passes through corresponding stages of growth. Penicilium glaucum grows very commonly in Urine, but for its development free access of air and the presence of albuminous substances, either in the form of albumen or epithelium and mucus, and a certain amount of free acid, are absolutely necessary.† Sarcina are very rarely met with in Urine. They are commonly found in the vomited matters in certain cases of disease of the stomach, but have been occasionally met with elsewhere, as in the Urine, and even in the ventricles of the brain.‡ PLATE XX. PUS. BLOOD. EPITHELIUM. Tables for the Examination of Urine, § 34. The microscopical characters of pus are very well defined. The nearly uniform size of the corpuscles, their circular form, and granular appearance, distinguish pus from every other urinary deposit. Some years ago much * For the tests for sugar see Tables for the Examination of Urine, p. 20. + See Dr. Hassall's paper in the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. The Microscope, and its application to Clinical Medicine. PLATE XX. PUS. BLOOD. EPITHELIUM. Fig. 1. Pus from Urine. The corpuscles are precisely similar to those found in ordinary pus. Fig. 2. Pus corpuscles treated with acetic acid. Those on the left are magnified 215, and those on the right 403 diameters. Fig. 3. Pus corpuscles magnified 403 diameters, showing their granular character more clearly than is represented in fig. 1. Fig. 4. Blood corpuscles, a, b, c, taken from the living body; d, e, f, from Urine. At d, the corpuscles are seen to be smaller than natural. At e, their circumference is serrate and ragged; and at ƒ, a somewhat similar change is represented. These alterations are due to physical and chemical changes, effected by the constituents of the Urine. Fig. 5. Vaginal epithelium from the Urine. Fig. 6. Epithelium from the bladder, found in Urine. Many of the larger cells lie on the summit of the columnar and caudate cells, and their under surface often presents several cup-shaped depressions, into which are received the latter. One of these cells is represented in the centre of the figure. Large and very characteristic cells from the bladder are also represented in Plate XII, fig. 2. PLATE XX. PUS. BLOOD. EPITHELIUM. Fig. 1. Pus from Urine. The corpuscles are precisely similar to those found in ordinary pus. Fig. 2. Pus corpuscles treated with acetic acid. Those on the left are magnified 215, and those on the right 403 diameters. Fig. 3. Pus corpuscles magnified 403 diameters, showing their granular character more clearly than is represented in fig. 1. Fig. 4. Blood corpuscles, a, b, c, taken from the living body; d, e, f, from Urine. At d, the corpuscles are seen to be smaller than natural. At e, their circumference is serrate and ragged; and at ƒ, a somewhat similar change is represented. These alterations are due to physical and chemical changes, effected by the constituents of the Urine. Fig. 5. Vaginal epithelium from the Urine. Fig. 6. Epithelium from the bladder, found in Urine. Many of the larger cells lie on the summit of the columnar and caudate cells, and their under surface often presents several cup-shaped depressions, into which are received the latter. One of these cells is represented in the centre of the figure. Large and very characteristic cells from the bladder are also represented in Plate XII, fig. 2. |