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Figs. 2 and 3 show how oxalate of lime calculi may be formed by the aggregation of dumb-bell crystals. In fig. 3, dumb-bell crystals are seen to form a considerable portion of the mass of the calculus. The deposition of the hard material still proceeding, the dumb-bell or oval form of the crystal is soon lost. I have shown that dumbbell crystals are formed in the kidney, and I have seen many times, aggregations resembling these minute calculi, in the straight portion of the uriniferous tubes. The history of the formation of such calculi is now completed by these being found in the Urine. Several minute calculi of the same kind were present in the Urine, with a great number of dumb-bell crystals. These have been preserved.

In fig. 4 are represented some calculi from the prostate of a man, aged 40, who died of pneumonia. The nucleus is seen to be formed of well-defined cells (c), around which, material principally of an albuminous nature, with very little earthy matter, has been deposited. Such calculi were found in the follicles of the gland in considerable number. All the figures, as will be seen by reference to the plate, are highly magnified. The smallest calculus, b, fig. 4, is scarcely more than 1-1000th of an inch in diameter, and contains in its centre one single cell.

Many other views are entertained with reference to the formation of calculi, but I shall not attempt to discuss these in this work. The above remarks are intended to apply only to the specimens illustrated in the plate, and the subject of the formation of calculi will be more fully considered in a book which is in preparation.*

* "On Urine, Urinary Deposits, and Calculi."

MINUTE CALCULI. I

Fig. 1. Small calculi from the kidney.

The nucleus is composed of a soft granular material, probably consisting of disintegrated epithelium.

Fig. 2. Small compound oxalate of lime calculus, found in the Urine of a young man who was passing numerous dumb-bells of oxalate of lime, and crystals of uric acid.

Fig. 3. Another smaller calculus from the same.

a. Dumb-bell crystals of oxalate of lime, partly incorporated with the largest mass.

Fig. 4. Very small calculi from the follicles of the prostate gland of a man, aged 40, who died from pneumonia of three weeks' duration. The structure of the bladder and prostate seemed perfectly healthy.

a. Calculi composed of a number of smaller ones.

b. Very small calculus containing a single granular cell in the interior.

c. Calculi composed of a collection of cells, around which the hard material has been deposited.

d. Calculus in which the nucleus seems to be crystalline.

e. Epithelium from the ducts of the prostate.

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