An Account of our Mercantile Companies; of our Colonies and Factories abroad; of our Commercial Treaties with Foreign Powers; of the Duty of Consuls, and of the Laws concerning Aliens, Naturalization, and Denization.

TO WHICH IS ADDED,

AN ACCOUNT OF THE COMMERCE OF THE WHOLE WORLD; DESCRIBING THE MANUFACTURES AND PRODUCTS OF EACH COUNTRY, WITH TABLES OF THE CORRESPONDENCE and agreeMENT OF THEIR RESPECTIVE COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES.

The whole equally calculated for the Information and Service of

THE MERCHANT, LAWYER, MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT, AND
PRIVATE GENTLEMAN.

BY THE LATE WYNDHAM BEAWES, Esq.
HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S CONSUL AT SEVILLE AND ST. LUCAR.

THE SIXTH EDITION,

CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED AND IMPROVED,

BY JOSEPH CHITTY, Esq.

OF THE Middle TEMPLE.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. II.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON; OTRIDGE AND SON; CLARKE AND SONS; J. WALKER; R. LEA; J. CUTHELL; W. LOWNDES; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND CO.; C. LAW; LACKINGTON, ALLEN, AND CO.; J. BUTTERWORTH; CADELL AND DAVIES; S. BAGSTER; J. MURRAY; J. RICHARDSON; J. M. RICHARDSON; R. SCHOLEY; BLACK, PARRY, AND CO; J. ASPERNE; R. BALDWIN; R. PHENE; W. REED; SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES AND JOHNSON AND CO.

VOLUME II.

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OF the General. Commerce of the, World.....

Of Great Britain, 2 to 113.Ireland .....

Ofthe Commerce between. Great Britain and France baalto
Treaty of Commerce with. France..

Explanatory Convention,

Of the Commerce, between Great Britain and Holland, 41.-Germany, 42.-

Spain, 43 to 46.-Portugal

T

Great Britain's Trade. with. Italy, including under this Denomination Venice,

Naples, and Sicily, Rome, Genoa, Leghorn, Ancona, &c...id

Of the Trade carried on by Great Britain with Turkey and Barbary, 57.—

Africa, 62,-Asia

Of the South Sea Companyolis eritronman aldo buono...... 4
Of the Hudson's Bay Company.

74 to 83

Of the General Commerce of America with Great Britain and other Nations

Treaty of Peace and Friendship between his Britannic Majesty and the United

States of America, 85, Georgia, 91.-Carolina,. 94 Virginia, 95.-Mary-

land, 96, New York, 97 Pensylvania, ib.-The Jerseys, 98 New Eng

land, 99-Nova Scotia, 101, Cape Breton, and St. John, 103.-Canada, ib.-

Barbadoes, 104, St. Christopher's, Nevis, or Mevis, and the other Caribbee

Islands, 105-Jamaica, 106. The Lucayos, or Bahama Isles, 108.-The Ber-
mudas, or Summer Islands, ib.-Newfoundland

...

An Account of the Trade between Great Britain and Russia, carried on by the

Russia Company.、、、

84

ibid.
85

109

110

Of the General Commerce of Great Britain, Denmark, and Norway, Sweden,

Roland, Prussia, and the Austrian Netherlands, 112, 113,-France, 119.-

Spain, 137, Portugal, 143.-Italy, 147.-Africa, 171.-Asia, 190.-America.. 257

Of the Levant Trade, and that on the Coast of Barbary

Of the Trade of Cairo, Alexandria, and Rosetta in Egypt.

Of the Trade of the Archipelago.

Of the Trade of the African Coasts............. • • • • • • .• • •

Of the Trade of the African Islands .................

Of the Trade of the Canary Isles.... naggothsario pomo

Of

Arabia...

Of the Trade of the Gulf of Persia .... ne pune de id······

Of the Inland Commerce of Persia.). ... ..

Of the Commerce of Great Tartary

Of the General Trade of the East Indies

Of the Commerce of the Coasts of India

Of the Commerce of China....

Of the Trade of the Islands of Asia...

Of the Trade of Sumatra, 245.-Borneo, Crimati, or Crimatia,

157

164

168

172

185

188.

191

193.

196

199

205

212

227

238

246, 247

247

250

251

Of the Trade of Jesso

America, Geographical and Political Division of, and general Trade.

Of the Trade on the Coasts of Spanish America in the North Sea

Of the Trade of the Spanish American Coasts in the South Sea

Of the Trade of French America...

Commerce of Portuguese America...

Of the Trade of Holland with the North of Europe.

Concerning the Trade of the North and the Baltic Sea..

Of the Commerce of Denmark..

Concerning the Sound ....

Of the Trade of Norway

Of the Trade of Courland, Prussia, and Pomerania..

Of the Commerce of Livonia, and its principal Cities

Page

253

254

255

257

ibid.

260

Of the Commerce carried on at Archangel, and other Parts of Russia.

Of the Trade of Sweden........

Of the Commerce of Switzerland and Geneva

A General Account of the Weights and Measures in all Parts of Europe

Of the Weights used throughout Great Britain.

ibid.

.. 314, 315

Of those used in France, Holland, Coningsberg, Dantzic, Elbing, Stetin, Lubec,

Breslaw, Hamburgh, Bremen, Naumbourg, Erfurt, Berre, Cologn, Ghent, Brus-

sels, Malines, Bruges, Lisle, St. Malo, Bayonne, Genoa, and Rome

Leghorn, Florence, Lucca, Palermo, Venice, Bologna, Bergame, Naples, Smyrna,

Constantinople, Aleppo, Tripoli, Seyda, Alexandria, and Grand Cairo.. 315, 316

A Table of the Agreement which the Weights of the principal Places in Europe

have with each other...

317

Ditto of the Dry Measure for Corn..

319

A Table of the Agreement of diverse Measures with those of Amsterdam, Paris,

and Bourdeaux

324

An Abstract of the corresponding Weights and Measures of the different Species of

Corn in Flanders and Germany..

A Table of the Agreement which the Long Measures of the chief Places in Europe 112

The Measures of France and other Countries, reduced into Feet, Inches, and Lines 337

The Correspondency of the Length of a Foot in diverse Places..

Of Dry and Liquid Measures

Of Coins, both Real and Imaginary, in all Countries.

ibid.'

338

341 to 354

.. 354

An Alphabetical List of the Coins, Weights, and Measures of Asia..

Of the Customs; of their Administration, and of Custom-House Officers.

Alphabetical Schedule of the Duties payable at the Custom-House on the Importa-
tion and Exportation of all Goods and Merchandize together with the Draw-
backs, Bounties, Forms of transacting Business, &c. ...

APPENDIX No. I.-To the Corn Laws.

No. IV. State of the National Debts, Annual Interest and Charges of

Management to January 1, 1791.

A Modern Universal Table of Coins, &c.

OF THE

GENERAL COMMERCE

OF

THE WORLD.

THE commerce of the ancients was at first carried on by barter, which still subsists even in several parts, though of the most uncultivated ones, of Europe; as in Siberia, and the Danish and Muscovite Laplands; and it was but in the last century, that the English, French, and Dutch traders first carried their merchandize to Archangel, and there trucked them with the Russians, for the products of that vast empire. Many nations on the coast of Africa, almost all of America, and some of Asia, have preserved this method of giving what is superfluous to them, for that which they have not, or at least not in plenty.

It is not precisely known when commerce commenced by purchase and sales, or when it began to make use of gold, silver, or copper money; as the first species were those of wood, leather, and iron; and even at this day a certain value is fixed on different shells and cocoa-nuts in several parts of both Indies, and given in payment of such merchandize, drugs, and commodities as they want.

The oldest examples found of this commerce in the Sacred History are in the time of the patriarch Abraham; profane authors place the epocha under the reigns of Saturn and Janus in Italy; and the ancient Gauls, as Julius Cæsar reports in his Commentaries, attribute the invention to the god Mercury.

The Egyptians, Phenicians, and Carthaginians, are cited as the first, ablest, and most daring traders of antiquity, by many great authors; but being contested by others, the reader is referred, for their different sentiments, to the historical preface.

And it did not appear to the ancients, that an application to commerce was unworthy the attention of the most illustrious persons: even Solomon, that sage and powerful monarch, did not disdain an engagement therein, but often, as before mentioned, joined his merchant fleets with those of the king of Tyre, in a voyage to Ophir, from whence they brought him those precious metals and commodities as rendered him, though governing but a small state, the richest prince in the world.

Under the Asiatic and Grecian monarchies, ancient history discovers to us, from time to time, the traces of a commerce cultivated by different nations, though it seems

VOL. II.

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