examines the language of the proem, which is throughout Aristotelian.

Aphoristische Bemerkungen zu Sophokles' 'Ixvevrai (536561). 1. C. Robert conceives the play enacted on a vλúdŋs #ayos (v. 220 f.), without a scenic background, in Aeschylean style. The infant Hermes and the cattle are underground. The satyrs and Silenus are baffled in their search as there is no entrance. Cyllene (v. 236) emerges through the opening earth. A vase painting is shown illustrating this. Cyllene used the Charon's stairs here as Clytaemestra did in the Eumenides (cf. Hermes XXXI, 543). 2. A fragmentary stichomythia follows Apollo's monolog (1-39), in which Silenus must have been informed about the onuara, by which the footprints of Apollo's cows could be recognized, and as the parodos, which follows, shows that the chorus already know about these marks, they must have entered silently during the stichomythia, probably σropádní as in the Cyclops. 3. The chorus search in two sections; but also in three (indicating 12 choristers). The second search (vv. 177-179) is represented in a commos between Silenus and the chorus. They hear the bellowing of the cows, and also the entrancing sound of the lyre. 4. The Silenus in the 'Iyv. is more dignified than in the Cyclops. The latter is a vain boaster, whereas the exploits with wild beasts mentioned in the 'Ixv. were real. The chorus in the Cyclops, as in the Syleus, Busiris etc., are slaves of a monster, in this more original play, of Dionysus; they gain their liberty in both, which R. considers typical of the satyr drama. The Tóvos referred to in v. 222 means the song and dance of the chorus; this word is the technical term for such religious service in tragedy (cf. opyla). 5. Sophocles based his play on the Homeric hymn; how he modified the story is shown. 6. Metrical considerations, the prominence of the coryphaeus etc. point to an early date for the 'Ixvevraí, which seems to be the oldest extant work of Sophocles.

Metrologische Beiträge II (562-632). O. Viedebantt here defends Lehmann's theory of a double norm, differing usually as 25:24. He explains it as originating in the usage of filling a measure ἐπιχειλῆ i. e. κατωτέρω τοῦ χείλους (Pollux IV 170), not brim-full' (L. & S.), to avoid spilling; in contrast with ἰσοχειλῆ and ἐπίμεστον. A discussion of the large variety of Egyptian artabe measures follows. Thereupon an investigation of the Pheidonian system reveals its Egyptian origin; which is also the case with Solon's reform. Before Pheidon's time the Greeks used the Old-Babylonian system, imported from Asia Minor, the various systems of which are examined. The close relation of the Cyprian system to those of the Pontus region is made evident, and the trade routes of navigation pointed out. Finally he takes up the Old-Babylon, and Persian

systems. Lehmann-Haupt discovered the weights of the Babylonian mina; but failed to notice that four of them represent the weights of a single measure (containing respectively in light or full capacity: 0.5472 and 0.570 of a liter) according as it was filled with water or oil. Sixty of these 'sextars' (the identification with the Roman measure is important) yield a cube root that equals 555 mm., the length of the royal Babylon. ell. This, again, proves the linear basis for the Babylonian system, a fact doubted by Ed. Meyer (Gesch. d. Altert. I, 22, p. 518). V. constructs tables of the Old-Babylon. and New Babylon.-Persian systems, and finally discusses their spread west. The Persian system supplanted the Old-Babylon. for a time (in Athens during the V century); but had finally to yield to its older competitor. Many important facts and details, and numerous tables are presented.

Miscellen: P. Corssen (633-635) would place vv. 1225-27 of Eurip. Medea after v. 305, where the attack on the philosophers is suitable. Euripides (431 B. c.), however, is ironical and filled with bitterness over the accusation of Anaxagoras. W. A. Baehrens (635/636) shows that the author of De mortibus persecutorum did not invent the story that Constantine had on one occasion spared Maximian's life as Silomon supposes (cf. Hermes XLVII 274); but derived the idea from Panegyrici VI (VII) ch. 20, which thus appears as a third source of D. M. P. (cf. A. J. P. XXXVII, p. 363).

HERMAN LOUIS EBELING.

GOUCHER College.

BRIEF MENTION.

Sir JOHN SANDYS' contribution to the Cambridge History of English Literature, Vol. XII, deals with Scholars, Antiquarians and Bibliographers of the Nineteenth Century. Much of it, of course, is contained in the author's History of Classical Scholarship, that indispensable repository, which it is not necessary to characterize at this late day (A. J. P. XXIX 499; XXXVI 244); and in this Brief Mention I am going to indulge in some personal reflections on the diverse ideals of English and German scholarship-a subject which was brought forward some time ago by the most brilliant English Hellenist of our day in a memorable article (Quarterly Review, April, 1915), part of which has been quoted recently by the author himself in an interview with a persistent newspaper man. Book, article, and interview have aroused in me a host of memories, some of which it may be worth while to record here.

Few are competent to enter into judgment in a matter like this. At all events comparatively few have undergone the

The mention of Sir John's name gives me an opportunity of introducing as a footnote what was intended for a more conspicuous place and larger type.

Under date of Aug. 27 Sir JOHN SANDYS writes: In the middle of p. 234 you state that ‘varied melody of the flute' is no translation, it is an exegesis of Boàv avλwv (O. 3. 8). The reader will naturally surmise that someone has offered these words as a translation of Boar avlev but if he takes the trouble to turn to my own rendering of Pindar's words φόρμιγγά τε ποικιλόγαριν καὶ βοὰν αὐλῶν ἐπέων τε θέσιν he will find these phrases represented by 'the varied melody of the lyre and the air played by the flute <or rather as the printed copy has it the air played on the flutes '> with the setting of the verse <s>'. He will thus discover that so far from 'the varied melody' being a paraphrase of βοάν, it is really a very close rendering of ποικιλόγαρυν and that it is only by combining part of my first phrase and part of my second that the imaginary rendering of Boàr avλwr is obtained.'

Too true. The curious 'telescoping' of my notes on Sir John's translation-due first to careless transcription and then to hasty proofreading-has done him great injustice. Only his name was not mentioned. Varied melody of the lyre' is indeed a close rendering but I still prefer Myers' the flute's cry' to Sir John's 'air played by the flute' or air played on the flutes', which is a manner of paraphrase. Aupar... Boal, P. 10, 39, is, I confess, a harder problem, which SANDYS has met by the colorless 'sounds of the lyre' and Myers by ignoring the troublesome words after the example of the etcher Méryon.

discipline of both countries. In my year at Bonn (1852-53) I encountered two Scotchmen, who were taking what is called on the Stock Exchange a 'flyer' at German methods in their long vacation, but a semester here and a semester there do not suffice; and it is not a little noteworthy that those who are really indoctrinated in German ways are apt to lose the undeniable charm of the best exemplars of English scholarship. There are possibly those who have not forgotten what Churton Collins had to say about a certain Anglicist who had become saturated with the German atmosphere. My own testimony is worth very little because such philological schooling as I have had is wholly Teutonic. I was 'udum et molle lutum' when I went to Germany in my nineteenth year, or rather I might say of myself in 1850 as a French mother is reported to have said of her son when she sought a place for him in one of the ministries. 'Il est propre à tout. Il n'a rien appris'. To be sure, I had read a great deal of Latin, some little Greek, but my American teachers did not understand their business, and if I had had such instruction as is available in not a few American colleges to-day, I should have been spared a great deal of fumbling. Brought up in old-fashioned ways and in an old-fashioned environment, which might almost be called 'colonial', I had been taught or at all events had conceived a profound admiration of English scholarship, especially in its lighter manifestations; and I remember as a lad not yet in my teens copying from an old number of Dennie's Portfolio one of Porson's facetious contributions to the Morning Post I think it was-a translation into Greek iambics of Three children sliding on the ice' which purported to be a newly discovered fragment of a Greek play.

Among the first philological books I owned was the wellknown collection of Porsoniana in four volumes containing Porson's Preface to the Hecuba, his edition of the Plutus and his Photius. But as I grew up, I found that the authors of all the great dictionaries, the great grammars, the great works of reference bore German names and, when at the age of sixteen I began in earnest the study of German, there was an end of any deference to English scholarship; and afterwards as a student in Germany from 1850 to 1853, I learned to imitate my masters, who all, or nearly all, were supercilious in their bearing toward contemporary English classicists. Every now and then, they said, England gives birth to some great genius, such as Bentley, such as in a lesser degree Porson. Dobraeus was admired in Germany even more than Dobree in England. One heard of old Dawes as Davesius and of his

exploded 'canon Davesianus'. Sometimes a professor would make a stagger at pronouncing the name of Thomas Tyrwhitt, and I remember how Boeckh, who tried to be fair to the English, wrestled with the name of Sir George Cornewall Lewis and wound up by writing it on the blackboard. Few of the German classical scholars of my day even pretended to know English and I have had to act as interpreter of English announcements of important discoveries, such as Babington's Hypereides. Things are very different to-day, and Americans have contributed to the difference, but even now the average German classicist does not know English as does the average German business man. The subtleties of the language are lost on them and their mistakes would form an amusing chapter in the history of errors. But in the fifties an American Anglomaniac was a rarity and the German attitude towards English scholars gave no offence to the patriotic American neophyte, for I was brought up on the memories of my revolutionary ancestors. I bore a deep-seated hereditary grudge against those whose forbears were responsible for the expulsion of the Acadians, the sufferings of Valley Forge, the burning of Norwalk, the insolent behaviour of British officers during the occupation of Charleston, and I was quite ready to be impressed by the judgments of my German masters. Now nothing is more contagious than the sneering habit and in no set of men does that cheap assertion of superiority exhibit itself in more repulsive form than in your fledgling Ph. D's. 'Fledgling' is the English word, but 'gelbschnabel' and 'béjaune' are much better because they express the aggressiveness of the callow youngster's beak. Of this second-hand superiority I myself have builded a monument in my maiden review article The Necessity of the Classics (Southern Quarterly Review, July, 1854) in which I undertook to criticize English scholarship and English methods of instruction in the classics. In my collectanea it is among the 'juvenilia', and marked 'not to be reproduced', but nearly nine times seven years have passed since then and I have been made over several times, so that I am tempted to quote a verse of Theognis that has been much in my mind during a heated political campaign—κρέσσων τοι σοφίη γίνεται ἀτροπίης, better proves wisdom, sure, than changelessness', and I do not hesitate to execute my old 'bejan' self in illustration of my theme. Here then is a small specimen :

To some of the secluded scholars of our Southern country, who devote much of their abundant leisure to the perusal of the classics, and collect Aldines, Juntines and Elzevirs with bibliomaniac zeal, England may still seem to be the Gilead whence the balm must come. But England has never had a philology. The scholars who arose from her soil were of foreign seed. The dragon's teeth brought forth a strange