laughing crowds of our countrymen continually surrounding the stalls-not one has ever appeared against the Prussians. The French would seem to know very well the nature of these gentlemen, and have therefore suffered them to pass unmolested. This is no small allowance in favour of English magnanimity and good pature. tures, which will not allow of description. Buonaparte is an inexhaustible subject; in one he is seated on a chair, apparently from his head. Cambaceres is the doctor in a very languid state, his crown falling in attendance. "Dear cousin," says the dying Emperor, "how do you find my state." "Sire," replies Cambaceres, "it cannot last, your constitution is too bad." We shall describe a few of these carica- The Acte Additionel aux Constitutions de tures, for the amusement of our readers. In l'Empire at their feet, fully explains the one, Wellington and Blucher are repre- point of the caricature. Another represented twirling a skipping rope with great sents him as a mastiff chained to his kencoolness: over this they are forcing Buo-nel in the Island of St. Helena, with an naparte to jump till he is quite exhausted. English officer guarding him, and grasp The imperial skipper expostulates: the ing a whip. This is called Casar duns son Duke replies, Sire, you must skip for the Palais, King;" and Blucher drily observes to him, whom he calls his little comrade, that his skipping is very dangerous. His entrance to a British ship has given birth to a caricature, which we have no doubt the artist thought highly characAnother is intended to put the Imperial teristic of British sailors. The Emperor, Guard in advantageous contrast against its weeping grievously, demands only one faleader. A monument has been engraved, vour of the Captain, namely, that be will in honour of those who fell in the late conspare his life." One officer exclaims, test, with the following inscription :- “God dam, qu'il est petit!" and another ex"They died, but did not surrender." Buo- claims, "One may easily see that he is no naparte is here represented in the act of in- Frenchman." As a contrast to this scene scribing on a pillar," Napoleon surrendered, of degradation, our eyes are directed but did not die." Underneath is written, to his pockets, whence issue his impeencircled with wreaths of laurel, "Herial acts and manifestoes. "The Dynasty ran away from Egypt, Spain, Moscow, Leipsic, and Mont St. Jean." Below these names of places, a hare is represented at full speed. An English centinel is seen in the distance. The place is evidently St. Helena. Buonaparte, in the next print we shall notice, is undergoing the operation of shaving; Wellington and Blucher are the barbers. The little Emperor seems very uneasy, and, with a piteous expression of face, begs that the gentlemen will tell him what sort of razors they are shaving him with. The operators respectfully answer, "Sire, with English razors, and Berlin soap." Ney has not been allowed to escape. It is well known that he kissed the King's haud as a pledge of his fidelity to the royal cause: he is represented, in the caricature, as offering a similar sort of pledge to Napoleon, but it is not the Emperor's hand that he kisses! An indecent caricature represents Madame Bertrand's attempt to throw herself into the sea from the cabin window of the Bellerophon. Her husband has just caught her by the leg, while Buonaparte callously looks on, regardless of offering the fair one any assistance. of Napoleon has reigned, and will reign in Spain ;" "The House of Austria has ceased to reign" and, "I am the God of War," are the sentences presented to view. "Buonaparte writing his will on board an English ship", deserves notice. He does not leave his soul to any one, not being certain that he has one, but he leaves his patrimony, such as it was in 1719, to his family; he leaves his sugar of beet-root to the consumptive; his Federés to the good city of Paris, his word of honour to Ney, and his proclamations to Carnot; the example of his flights, to Generals in danger, his costume, worn at the Champ de Mai, to those who let out dresses for the carnival; his orthographical faults to the Institut, and his skeleton to the school of medicine! GERMANY. Co-inventor of the art of Printing. Faustus has usually carried off the honour due to the inventor of the noble art of Printing; but, lately has been published at Wisbaden, a small tract of 23 pages in octavo, intitled Peter Schoeffer, &c. The Life of Peter Schoeffer, co-inventor of Printing, &c. The history of the discovery Of the allied troops, the Scotch have ex-forms a principal feature in the work, cited the greatest attention in Paris. They with an account of Schoeffer's share in it are the subjects of innumerable carica- the author has added his genealogy; the arms or device placed by Faustus and Schoeffer on their productions, and used by the latter after the death of Faustus, in 1466. GREFCE. Saggio storico sulle prime etsi deil Isola di Leucadia nell Ionio, compilute dal Dottor Demetrio Petrizzcpulo, Leucadio, &c. his way, particularly in chap. 4, where the Aristocratic constitution, depends on no better authority than a medal bearing on one side a head of Apollo, reverse a lyre with these words: AETKAAION APIETON KPAT which the Doctor reads APIETONKPATos which he translates thus: "The Aristocracy of the Leuca dians." The learned chevalier Millis, keeper of the medals in the Royal Li An Historical Essay on the first ages of the Island of Leucadia, in the lonian Sea, by Dr. Demetrius Petrizzopulo, a Leu-brary at Paris, has exposed the Doctor's cadian. Florence, 1814. Svo. pp. 115. errors at length, as well as that of the DeTo the classic scholar every thing rela-mocracy founded on another medal with ting to Greece is dear, and it is delightful the word AAMOKPTIA. This great me to find one among the descendants of those dalist informs us that the medals of Leucreators of all that can raise the mind or cap- cadia bore the names of the different mativate the heart, who offers us new indica-gistrates under whose authority they were tions on the history of his country. The sun of Greece seems set to rise no more: we wish we could hail the aurora of his beams in Dr. Petrizzopulo. He possesses one requisite-learning; we wish we could add another equally indispensable-industry. His dedication to his dearly beloved fellow citizens proves that he has not a small share of vanity; he consoles them for his absence by telling them that he is educating his son for their use and service, which confines him to Italy, where he has found abundant materials for the history of his Bative Isle. A preface succeeds of equal importance to the reader. The work is divided into nine chapters. 1. The position, circumference, and an cient form, of Leucadia. 2. The city of Nericos, mentioned by Homer. 3. The First Inhabitants of Leucadia, a colony of Corinthians, who founded Nericos: what was the government established: first progress of the Leucadians. 4. Aristocratical Constitution adopted afterwards: foundation of the city of Ellomenos: progress in the sciences and arts. 5. Foundation of the city of Leucadia, its size, the ruins now in existence. 6. Establishment of a democratic go vernment. 7. Description of the rock, the leap taken from its summit, remains of the temple of Leucadian Apollo. 8. Excavation of the 1sthrius. 9. New exploits of Leucadians, illustrious men produced by Leucadia, games celebrated there, valiant defence of the Leuca dians, their decline. From the perusal of this extensive table of contents, much might be expected, the disappointment therefore creates pain. Of "the high deeds of his ancestors," he gives us but gleanings from works well known: where he ventures alone he generally loses struck. We have said that our author merely copies from well known authors, and those entirely modern; as the Travels of Auacharsis, the Isolario of Bordone, but he does more, he quotes works that no one but himself ever heard of: as Norden's Letters of Greece, and Chardin's Essay on the Leap of Leucadia. The plan of our author's work is good, and we wish some one capable of executing the work as it ought to be, would avail themselves of the occasion, and produce one which would have considerable claims to atten tion. Dr. Petrizzopulo does not rise far above our ideas of the Modern Greeks. PRUSSIA. Linguarum totius Orbis Index alphabeticus borum recensentur, patria significatur, his quarum grammaticæ, lexica collectiones vertoria adumbratur, à J. S. Vatero, &c. An Alphabetical Table of all the Languages of the World, pointing out their country and history, together with the dictionaries, grammars, and a Collection of Words of each language, by Dr. J. S. Vater, Professor, and Librarian to the King of Prussia, at Konigsberg, Knight of the Order of St. Wladomir, &c. Berlin. 8vo. pp. 259. To the linguist and to all lovers of literaitself. Languages in themselves form but ture, this little work warmly recommends the key to science and real knowledge; a person may know all the words in a dic tionary, their synonima and shades of distinction, yet if he rest there, his knowledge is of no value either to himself or society it is the use of that knowledge which constitutes its value. Thus in the present case, the words and forms of expression in different languages being compared with each other, a considerable light is often thrown very unexpectedly ou obscure parts of history, and, among other things, this shews with precision the emigration of tribes, people, or nations. Dr. Vater's work is executed with considerable care and precision, it is more extensive and better arranged than our countryman, Marsden's Catalogue of Dictionaries, &c. London 1796, yielding in extent and consequently in perfection only to the Mithridates of Adelung, or General Science of the Languages of the Earth, in 3 vols. 8vo. begun by Adelung, in 1805, and continued by the author of the above, whose present work may be called a supplement to the larger work, or rather a succinct summary of its contents, with the addition of various improvements suggested by the continued study of the subject. The nature of the work does not admit of quotations, it is printed in two columus, in Latin and German, the better to adapt it to general circulation. Von den Ægyptischen Pyramiden, &c. &c. On the Pyramids of Egypt in general, and on their construction in particular, by A. Hirt. A Memoir read at the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin, in April 1810.-Berlin, 1815. 4to. pp. 28. mains of Pyramids to be found except in the province of Faiume, aud in a small district of the mountains of Libya, in the vicinity of Cairo, the ancient Memphis; from this fact our author infers Their age and authors-concluding, there were no Pyramids before the seat of the Empire was transferred from Upper Egypt to Memphis; that previous to that period the monarchs were content with tombs dug in the rocks, as those of the Kings of Thebes, the remains of which are still extant.. Mæris appears the first who erected monuments of a Pyramidical form; one for himself, the other for his wife, in the lake which still bears his name, about 1800 years before Christ. The other Pyramidą are all of later dates. Their destination and figure: all authors agree that they were intended as sepulchral monuments, as to their figure, he quotes two opinions, the first that they were built on the model of those little pyramids with which the Egyptians closed the entrance of caves, to prevent the sand from entering: this is not tenable, we have no proof that those little pyramids were in use anterior to the. erection of the large ones; the second, The Pyramids of Egypt have attracted which our author seems to prefer, is," the the curiosity and arrested the attention of natural wish there must have been to all travellers; the pen and the pencil have give a regular and elegant form, as well been repeatedly employed to convey to us as solidity and durability, to those monucorrect ideas of those stupendous monu- ments, with which all nations have homents of high antiquity; the misfortune is, noured the memory of celebrated perthat they appear to resemble the cross in sonages." This was natural enough we the road which the two Chivalrous Knights confess, but how could that wish, lead: contended about, one asserting it to be exclusively to the Pyramidical form, in gold and the other silver, for no two which all the Pyramids are constructed? authors agree in their descriptions, nor, We do not read in any historian that any what is more singular in the dimen- sacred idea was ever attached to the sions of the Pyramids; even those of Pyramidical form, that might have the same nation, with the same lineal made them copy each other in successive measure differ very considerably in ages. The Pyramids were consequently a their estimates. Our author, esteeming matter entirely of taste, to display to future the precise magnitude of trifling impor-generations the pride and power of those tance, devotes his attention to the ques-who had erected them, but nothing is so tion-How the Egyptians were able to fluctuating as taste; and instead of servilely raise such grand masses?his learning and copying what had been done, it is natural industry are very conspicuous: he brings to suppose that the architects would have to the task a mind fraught with the know- varied the forms, that the respective meledge of ancient history illumined by original rits might not solely be in the relative genius, so that his work on this beaten degrees of magnitude, and this they cersubject possesses a character of genius tainly would have done, but for one little. and originality exclusively his own. He circumstance, which, in our opinion, comdivides his subject into sections, in which pletely solves the question. The Egyptians he considers-The situation of the Py-were ignorant of the mode of turning an ramids Their age and authors-Their destination, and origin of the Pyramidical form-Their materials Their exterior aspects-Their dimensions-The Dyke of Stone; and the expences of their construction. There are no re arch, consequently the pyramidical form was a matter not of choice but of necessity, in works of such dimensions. This has always appeared to us the true reason, it is simple and natural, but perhaps on those very accounts it has been overlooked by the curious traveller, who generally rejects the simple and the natural, for the complex and artificial. Their materials were generally unbaked brick, or a soft building stone; found on the spot, for the interior; sometimes the stone was brought from a great distance, as the Trajan stone, of the nature of which we are ignorant; and the Ethopian, which ap- | pears to be a blackish Syenite, or granite with red spots. Their exterior aspect.-They were constructed due east and west, but whether their bases were exactly square we are yet to learn; their height was not regulated according to the base, as they all subtend different angles. Their construction required but little art, a small pyramid was first formed, and afterwards piles on piles of brick and stone, cemented with mortar, similar to that now in use, increased the magnitude, according to the purse or power of the Sovereign. Their dimensions are left uncertain by our author, who only quotes from others. The Dyke of stone,-this was to transport the large stones, the least thirty feet long, from the Nile to the Pyramids.These, some describe as being perfectly horizontal, and others as on an inclined plane. That of Cheops, according to Herodotus, is 3000 feet long, 60 feet wide, and in many parts 48 feet high. : We have already extended this article, referring to these ancient structures, beyond our usual limits, we must however observe, that their erection is considered by our author as a real blessing to the nation they employed the whole population, in labour for which they were paid, this he deduces from the inscription, stating how much Cheops, the sovereign, had expended in radishes, onions, and garlic. The principal object of the memoir, to shew how they were built by a people ignorant of nearly all the mechanical arts and mechanical powers, would lead us too far without clearing up our doubts. This analysis of a highly curious memoir, we have extended so far, because the original, in German, would be known to few, on this account we beg our readers excuse. RUSSIA. It is understood that a new island appeared in the sea of Azoff, on the 10th of May 1814. Our information respecting this phenomenon, from competent eye witnesses, is extremely scanty. What is its present state ? SWITZERLAND. Hemp and Flux, new manner of preparing. Lately has been published at St. Gall, in a small octavo volume of 48 pages Anleitung, &c. Instructions on the manner of cultivating and gathering Hemp and Flax, and of preparing them in the space of two hours, thereby avoiding the ordinary inconveniences, improving the quality, and augmenting the quantity." This new manner of preparing Hemp in two hours time, consists in treating it with water in which has been dissolved a quantity of soft soap, in the proportion of one pound of soap to 650lbs. of water. The process is described with all necessary details. How far it may resemble that which has lately not pretend to determine. been much boasted of among us, we can BY DREADFUL ACCIDENT OCCASIONED (From Mr. Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine Ir has lately been ascertained that when the boiling of sugar, in the process of refining, is carried on without any fire being allowed to come directly in contact with the pan, a waste of sugar is prevented, and a better article obtained. On the process marks, but merely to speak of the accident of refining we do not mean to offer any rewhich has occurred, in consequence of steam being employed, in an injudicious fire, as hitherto. The arrangement was manner, to boil the sugar paus in place of simply this:-A large close boiler was constructed for the purpose of generating steam, to be conveyed through tubes, under the sugar pans, to bring them to the required temperature for boiling the syrup. These pans, made of copper, were each put into an exterior pan made of cast iron, and closely joined at their brim to prevent the escape of steam. Only one pan we believe had been got ready to be worked in this manner; and on the 15th of November a trial was made of the boiler. The fire was lighted between three and four o'clock in the morning. At nine o'clock Mr. Hague the engineer came to the premises, and it was proposed to prove the boiler by applying a large fire. Mr. Constant the proprietor objected to the large fire; but, through the obstinacy of some of the engineer's men, as is believed, the fire was urged unnecessarily, and even the safety-valve, provided for the escape of steam when the internal pressure should When a large boiler is to be employed to generate steam of high temperature, it should be proved, not with water and a fire applied to it, but with cold water forced in by a pump or syringe till the boiler has been to which it is intended it shall ever be exposed with steam. The most accurate way to ascertain the pressure is by a tube of sufficient length connected with the boiler, and containing mercury. Should a boiler. subjected to this test prove too weak, it only rends at the weak part-no explosion takes place, and no one can receive any personal injury. reach a certain point, was overloaded, to prevent the steam from escaping. The consequence which might have been anticipated followed. About half past ten o'clock the boiler exploded, and with such a force as to bring down the whole build-subjected to more than twice the pressure ing, burying a number of people in the ruins. The house was about 70 feet high, and of proportionate depth and width. The effect of such an explosion may be more easily conceived than described. Most miraculously, several of the people who were buried in the ruins escaped without personal injury, the lower part of one of the walls keeping up one end of the joists of a part of the lower floor, which was thus thrown over them as a shed. In the course of the day ten other people were dug out of the ruins; seven of them less or more burnt, lacerated, or bruised, who were sent to the hospital, and three of them dead. Among the latter was Mr. Spear jun. aged 15, son of Mr. H. A. Spear, of Broad-street, who was there at the time on business, his father having sent in a great quantity of sugar to be manufactured. The effects of this accident did not how ever end here. After the ruins were partly removed, air getting to the wood which had come in contact with the scattered fire of the furnace, the whole, at night, burst out in a violent flame, which communicated to two contiguous sugar-houses, also belonging to Mr. Constant, which were entirely consumed. Great blame attaches somewhere; and the accident is the less excuseable, as this is not the first, arising from ignorance or inattention, in the application of steam of high temperature to different purposes. Only a few months ago a loco-motive engine was exploded in the country, and several people lost their lives, from the folly of a man (calling himself an engineer, a name now given to every person who is employed to throw coals under a boiler,) locking down the safety-valve, that his machine might go off in style! And latterly, a salt-pan heated by steam was blown up by a similar imprudence. Such madness cannot be sufficiently reprobated. Nothing is more manageable than steam, in the hands of men of commou prudence; but nothing more dangerous when fools and pretenders are suffered to play with it. The very idea of proving the boiler with Steam savoured of insanity; for, if too weak, it could do nothing but explode. What would be said of the man who should seek to ascertain the lowest heat at which gunpowder would explode, by thrusting in succession into a barrel of that article, bars of iron heated to different degrees of temperature? We went to the ruins on the 20th of November, and ascertained several facts, indicating in our opinion either great ignorance or great carelessness on the part of those who had the care of constructing the boiler and pans. In the first place, as to the form of the boiler itself,-it was somewhat globular, with a concave bottom, and of no less than eight feet diameter.* For generating strong steam, boilers composed of tubes of comparatively small diameter should always be employed; for the strength ceteris paribus is inversely as the squares of the diameters of the vessels compared. The best, indeed the only boiler with which we are acquainted, that can with safety be employed for such a purpose, is Woolf's, composed of tubes. The substance of the boiler which we saw in Well-street, was in no part two inchesin some parts not more than one inch. In other words-a boiler made for the purpose of generating steam of a pressure of 40 or 50 pounds per inch,† and not exceeding an inch in thickness, (for the greater thickness in some places goes for nothing in such a case as this,) and eight feet di The fragment which we saw (perhaps about a fourth of the whole boiler; had been removed about twenty feet from its original position into another apartment, from which it had before been separated by a brick wall. † It cannot be ascertained to what pressure the boiler had attained when the explosion took place. Mr. Constant sy the gauge a few minutes before, and it was then under 40 pounds per inch: one of the workmen saw it at 46. From the weakness of the boiler, it is not probable that the pressure was much beyond the latter point when the boiler exploded; but from the great accumulation of beat in the substance of the boiler, in the furnace and in the surrounding materials an instant genera tion of a new quantity of steam would be produced by the liberated water. |