partly upon notes collected by Sir Peter Thompson, which, after his death, came into the hands of Herbert.

While the "Typographical Antiquities" was preparing for publication, Ames issued, together with the prospectus of that work, a "Catalogue of English Printers, from 1471 to 1600," printed in four quarto pages. He also published, in 1748, a thin octavo volume, entitled " A Catalogue of English Heads; or, an account of about two thousand prints, describing what is peculiar on each; as the name, title, or office of the person; the habit, posture, age, or time when done; the name of the painter, graver, scraper, &c.; and some remarkable particulars relating to their lives." This work is a kind of index to the extensive collection of English portraits formed by Mr. John Nicholls, or Nickolls, F.R.S. and F.S.A., of Ware in Hertfordshire, a member of the society of Friends, which filled four folio and six quarto volumes. The arrangement of the "Catalogue" is alphabetical, but is very imperfectly carried out, "prints of the same person occurring," observes Cole, "in various pages of the same letter," while some persons are entered under their family name, and others under their titles of honour. To remedy this imperfection, Cole compiled, in 1764, an alphabetical index to the work, which occupies folios 69. to 151. of the thirty-third volume of his MS. collections, now in the library of the British Museum. The engraved plates of Lord Pembroke's collection of coins having been published without any letter-press description, and being, from their arrangement, inconvenient to consult, Ames printed and distributed among his friends, "An Index to Lord Pembroke's Coins;" but Gough states that it supplied an imperfect remedy for the inconvenience which it was intended to meet. The last literary production of Ames was the "Parentalia; or, Memoirs of the family of the Wrens," which is believed to have been written by him, although it professes,

ties were sold by auction, February 20. and 21. 1760; and his library of books, manuscripts, and prints, was disposed of in like manner on May 5. and following days. Gough enumerates several valuable works, with MS. notes by Ames, which formed part of this collection. Among those most immediately connected with his great work is a very extensive collection of title-pages, and an interleaved copy of the " Typographical Antiquities," with MS. notes. This copy afterwards belonged to Herbert, who enriched it with many additions; and after repeatedly changing hands, it was purchased by Dibdin for 50l.: it is now in the library of the British Museum. Besides the work itself, this interesting volume contains the original prospectus, and a corrected copy of the "Catalogue of English Printers." In the same depository (Additional MSS. 5151.) is a folio volume of original papers, used by Ames in the compilation of his work, which was bought at the sale of Tutet's library in 1786.

The literary talents of Ames were not of a high order, although he does not deserve the character given him by Rowe Mores, in the work before alluded to, of "an arrant blunderer." Even this writer, who was evidently prejudiced against him, in consequence, it is reported, of a dispute with the Society of Antiquaries, says that he "was unlearned, yet useful;" but he complains of his habit of tearing out the title-pages and portraits of authors from old books. Cole also regarded him with some dislike, apparently because he was, which he thought "very unaccountable," "an Independent or Anabaptist, with a great spice of Deism mixed with it." He says that he often thought it a reproach to the Society of Antiquaries to have so ignorant a person for secretary; and he even asserts that Ames could not spell, much less write English, and that therefore he must have been assisted in preparing his " Typographical Antiquities" for the press. nevertheless adds that Ames "was a little

He

pher Wren, son of the architect, and published by Stephen Wren, grandson of Sir Christopher, "with the care of Joseph Ames." This work appeared in 1750, in one folio volume.

Ames was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries on the 3d of March, 1736; and in 1741 he was made secretary to the society, which office he held till his death; the Rev. W. Norris being, in 1754, associated with him. He was also a member of the Royal Society, and enjoyed the particular friendship of the president, Sir Hans Sloane, who made him one of the trustees under his will. He died at the age of seventy-one, October 7. 1759, and was buried in a stone coffin, in the churchyard of St. George in the East. His collections of coins,

great industry and application in collecting various old printed books, old prints, and other curiosities in the natural as well as artificial way; and this turn of mind it was which recommended him to the society." (Gough's Memoir, in Dibdin's edition of the Typographical Antiquities; Cole's MSS. (in British Museum), xxx. 175, 176, &c.) J. T. S.

AMES, NATHANIEL, was a descendant from William Ames, an English divine, author of "Medulla Theologiæ." He was born in 1708, and practised as a physician at Dedham, a town nine miles from Boston, in New England. He inherited from his father a taste for astronomy, which led him to undertake the publication of an almanack suited to the Americans. This work was very popular, and was continued by him for in 1765, at the age of fifty-seven. He had two wives, both named Fisher, and left behind him a numerous issue, the youngest of whom became well known as a supporter of Washington in Congress. [AMES, FISHER.] (Allen, American Biographical and Historical Dictionary, p. 37.)

J. W.

AMES, WILLIAM, one of the most zealous propagators of Quakerism in Holland in the middle of the seventeenth century. Before he became a Quaker, he had been first an officer and then a Baptist preacher. (Tzschirner's continuation of Schröckh's Christliche Kirchengeschichte seit der Reformation, ix. 357.)

P. S.

AMES, WILLIAM, D.D., was born in the county of Norfolk in the year 1576, and studied at Christ's College, Cambridge, under William Perkins, who was a Puritan, and one of the earliest Protestant writers on practical theology or Christian ethics. Ames followed both the opinions and the studies of his tutor. In the year 1610 he was obliged to leave the university on account of nonconformity, the master of his college having in vain endeavoured to overcome his scruples against wearing the surplice, by quoting the text, "Put on the armour of light," which, the divine said, meant the white surplice. The immediate occasion of his expulsion was his preaching at St. Mary's against playing at cards and dice. After leaving Cambridge, Ames was still persecuted by Archbishop Bancroft, and fled to Holland. Here he became minister of the English church at the Hague, but soon left that post in order to fill the chair of theology in the university of Franeker, where he remained twelve years. At the end of that time he accepted the pastorate of the English church at Rotterdam. This removal is attributed by his biographers to his ill health, as well as to his desire to be more actively engaged in preaching. His health still being bad, he soon determined to leave Rotterdam for New England; but while preparing for the voyage, he was seized with a fresh attack of asthma, which ended his life in November, 1633. His wife and children sailed for New England in the following spring, taking with them his library, which was of great value. His son, William, returned to England in 1646, and in 1648 became minister of Wrentham and Frostenton in Suffolk, whence he was ejected by the Act of Uniformity in 1662. He died at Wrentham in 1689, aged sixty-six. His only published work is a sermon on 1 John, ii. 20., which he preached at St. Paul's before the Lord Mayor on the 5th of November, 1651. (Palmer's Nonconformist's Memorial, ii. 443.)

Dr. Ames was one of the most learned and eminent divines of the seventeenth century. During the early part of his residence in Holland, he obtained much reputation by

the Arminians. He was present at the synod of Dort, and is said to have made frequent reports of its debates to the ambassador of James I. To his abilities as professor of theology we have the following testimony from one of his opponents in an ecclesiastical dispute: - "He was generally held to be a man fitter to be a professor of divinity in the schools, and that his gift was rather doctoral than pastoral; and when he left his profession in the university, it was generally disliked of all learned men, so far as I could hear; throughout these countries none that approved him therein. Such also as were supposed to be occasion of his removal were much blamed for it." (Paget's Answer to Best and Davenport, p. 27., quoted in Hanbury's Historical Memorials, i. 533.) The same writer says of Ames, "He hath written divers worthy and learned treatises of much good use for the church of God, and many do justly rejoice and give thanks for his labours." Of these treatises the most important are the following:- 1. “ Medulla Theologiæ," 1623; a system of theology on strictly Calvinistic principles. 2. "Explicatio utriusque Epistolæ S. Petri." 1625. 3. “De Incarnatione Verbi." 1626. 4. "De Conscientia et ejus Jure, vel Casibus," 1630. This work was for a long time held in the highest esteem, both in England and, more especially, on the Continent. It was frequently reprinted, and it was translated into German under the following title: "Vom Rechte des Gewissens," Nürnberg, 1654. It was the first important work on practical theology, after Perkins's "Anatomia sacra Humanæ Conscientiæ," which had been published since the Reformation. It may be regarded as forming a supplement to the author's "Medulla Theologiæ." The work consists of an individual application of the principles of Christian morality to the resolution of an immense variety of supposed cases of conscience, such as those which arise out of the relations of man to God, to governments, whether temporal or spiritual, to social institutions and customs, and to his fellow-men as individuals. This work appears to have been of great service to Baxter in the composition of his "Christian Directory." 5. "Christianæ Catecheseos Sciographia." 1635. 6. "Lectiones in omnes Psalmos Davidis." 1635. Of Dr. Ames's numerous controversial works the best and most important are his attack on Bellarmine, entitled "Bellarminus enervatus," 1627, and his "Fresh Suit against Human Ceremonies in God's Worship," 1633, the perusal of which was the chief cause of Baxter's adoption of Puritan opinions. Orme speaks of the "Fresh Suit" as "one of the most able works of the period on the subject on which it treats. This work enters very fully into all the great points relating to the exercise of human authority in the things of God, and the introduction of human customs and ceremonies into divine worship; and though not professedly an answer to Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, embraces everything of importance in that noted work." (Life of Baxter, p. 19. note.) The author proceeds throughout upon the principle of appealing to the Bible as the sole authority in the matter. He published, in 1610, a statement of the views of the English Puritans, under the title of “Puritanismus Anglicanus;" but he was not the author of that work; he only translated it into Latin, and wrote a preface to it. The English original, which was written by W. Bradshaw, was not published till 1641.

With reference to church government, Dr. Ames was an Independent; his theological opinions were Calvinistic. His Latin works were published at Amsterdam in 1658, in five volumes. (Middleton's Biographia Evangelica, iii. 45.; Brook's Lives of the Puritans, ii. 405.; Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, iii. 420. edit. Murdock and Soames; Schröckh's Christliche Kirchengeschichte seit der Reformation, v. 162.)

P. S.

AMESTRIS. [AMASTRIS.] AMFREVILLE, LE MARQUIS D', a French naval commander of the reign of Louis XIV. He was descended from one of the first families of Normandy, and was originally intended for the land service, but soon exchanged it for the navy, which he entered in 1646. He served under D'Estrées on board the admiral's own ship, in 1673, in three actions with Prince Rupert and De Ruyter. In 1676, when he had become captain of the Suffisant, of sixty-four guns, he took part under Duquesne esne 1 in the battle during which De Ruyter was mortally wounded. In the following years, D'Amfreville fought several desperate actions in the Mediterranean against the corsairs of Barbary, often with signal success; and after the second bombardment of Algiers by the French, in 1683, he was appointed to receive the Christian captives of all nations who were to be set free by the terms of the convention. On this occasion a number of the English slaves, when on board, declared that their liberation was due, not to the French, but to the fear the Algerines had of the King of England: on which D'Amfreville put them ashore again, and informed the pirates that his master did

armées navales," and intrusted with the command of a flotilla of thirty-five vessels laden with troops for the service of James II. in Ireland, whom he landed in safety; after which he brought back his flotilla without loss, notwithstanding the vigilance of the English cruisers. At the battle of La Hogue, 29th May, 1692, he had the command of the vanguard, and fought with such determined bravery that he is said to have attracted the particular notice of Admiral Russell. D'Amfreville's ship, Le Merveilleux, was one of the twelve which were forced ashore on that disastrous day for the French marine, and which were eventually burnt. The marquis was severely wounded in the action, and only survived until the 2d of November following, when he died at Brest. His two brothers both commanded ships at La Hogue. One of them, the Chevalier d'Amfreville, was drowned by the sinking of his vessel, Le Fougueux, in the bay of Vigo, on the 11th December, 1697, at the end of an obstinate but useless action with a superior English force. (Quincy, Histoire Militaire du Règne de Louis le Grand, ii. 91. 118. 315. iii. 393.; Hennequin, Biographie Maritime, i. 345-350. Voltaire, Siècle de Louis XIV., Paris, 1784, i. 410.)

J. W.

AMHERST, JEFFREY, first Baron Amherst of Montreal, was the second son of Jeffrey Amherst, Esq., a barrister of Gray's Inn, and the representative of a very old Kentish family, then settled at Riverhead, near Sevenoaks. He was born January 29. 1717, and early devoted himself to the profession of arms, having an ensign's commission in the Guards in 1731, when he was fourteen years old. About ten years later he acted as aide-de-camp to General (afterwards Lord) Ligonier, with whom he was present at the battles of Rocoux, Dettingen, and Fontenoy, the last of which was fought in May, 1745. He was subsequently made aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cumberland, and was present with him at the engagements of Laffeldt or Lauffeld and Hastenbeck. He continued on the staff of the Duke of Cumberland until 1756, when he was appointed colonel of the 15th regiment of foot; and in 1758 he was appointed to the American service, and sailed from Portsmouth on the 16th of March, as major-general in command of the troops by which, in the summer of that year, the im

tion to the English, and that he left it to the Algerines to show the respect in which they held the King of England. The consequence was, that the English were reduced to slavery once more; a severe, but, if the story be true, not entirely undeserved punishment for their inopportune display of national pride.

D'Amfreville was engaged both by sea and land in the expedition against Genoa in 1684, where he was severely wounded. In 1690 he was made "lieutenant-general des

Wolfe eminently distinguished himself, was achieved. On the 30th of September in the same year, Amherst was appointed commander-in-chief of all the forces in America, in the room of General Abercrombie, and was at the same time made colonel of the 60th regiment, an appointment which usually went with the chief command. The reduction of Louisbourg, and of the whole island of Cape Breton, with its dependencies, was followed, in the same and the succeeding camfoundland having been taken by the French, Amherst projected an expedition for its recovery, the command of which he intrusted to his younger brother William, who was then a lieutenant-colonel, but subsequently became major-general; he succeeded in taking all the garrisons of the enemy, and recovering the island.

The war in North America being ended, Amherst went to New York, where he was received with the honours due to his important services. The thanks of the British House of Commons were transmitted to him, and he was, in 1761, created knight of the Bath, being one of the first upon whom George III. conferred that honour. He continued to hold the command in America until the latter end of 1763, when he resigned, and returned to England, where he was graciously received by the king, and was appointed governor of Virginia. In 1768 some misunderstanding appears to have arisen between Amherst and the king, and on the 21st of September in that year he was dismissed from all his employments. In the memoir which appeared in the "Gentleman's Magazine," soon after his death, it is stated that this event took place in consequence of a personal dispute with the late king, which, being written in the reign of George III., would seem to apply to his predecessor. It is however added, that "by the mere effect of public discussion in the newspapers, he surmounted all difficulties, and in November following was admitted to court, and received redoubled honours." Another account attributes Amherst's temporary disgrace to "his attachment to the great commoner of that day who was then out of place." The first office conferred on him after his restoration to royal favour was that of colonel of the 3d foot, which he received on the 7th of November; and about the same time he was re-appointed colonel of the 60th or Royal American regiment, which had been held by General Gage, who succeeded him as commander-in-chief of the American forces. Amherst was also, in October, 1770, made governor of Guernsey, with its dependencies. In October, 1772, he became lieutenant-general of the ordnance, which office he held until Earl Howe was appointed to it, when he was made colonel of the second troop of horse-guards, a commission subsequently changed, in consequence of alterations in that corps, to the colonelcy of the second regiment of horse-guards. In the same year, 1772, Amherst was sworn a member of the privy council, and in May, 1776, he was created Baron Amherst of Holmesdale in the county of Kent. Two

mander-in-chief of the English army; but Chalmers states that, although before his promotion in 1778 he had no higher ap

lieutenant-general on the English staff, he had officiated as commander-in-chief ever since 1772. In 1779 he was made colonel of the second troop of horse grenadier guards; but in 1782, in consequence of the change of ministry, the command of the army and the lieutenant-generalship of the ordnance were put into other hands. As Lord Amherst had no children to inherit his title, he received, in 1788, a second patent of peerage, as Baron Amherst of Montreal in Kent, with remainder to his nephew, William Pitt Amherst, son of the major-general William Amherst above noticed.

On January 22d, 1793, upon occasion of a re-establishment of the staff, Amherst was again made commander-in-chief, he being promoted over the heads of General Conway, the Duke of Gloucester, Sir George Howard, the Duke of Argyll, the Honourable John Fitzwilliam, and Sir Charles Montague, all of whom, as his seniors, had a prior claim to the office. He was again removed, February 10. 1795, to make way for the Duke of York, and on this occasion an earldom and the rank of field-marshal were offered to, but declined by him. The rank of field-marshal was however accepted by Amherst on the 30th of July, 1796. Owing to increasing age and infirmities, he retired to his seat, called Montreal, near Sevenoaks, where he died on the 3d of August, 1797, in his eighty-first year. His remains were interred in the family vault in Sevenoaks church.

Lord Amherst was twice married; first to the daughter of Thomas Dalyson, Esq., who died in 1765, and secondly, in 1767, to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of General George Cary, and grand-daughter of the sixth Viscount Falkland, who survived him. He had no issue by either wife, and was succeeded by his nephew, since created Earl Amherst. The personal qualities of Lord Amherst were highly estimable: as a commander, he was a firm disciplinarian, but ever the soldier's friend; a man of strict economy and sobriety, and ready at all times to hear and redress the complaints of those under his command. The "Gentleman's Magazine" observes that his name "was as much dreaded by the enemies of Great Britain as it was revered by his countrymen;" and that "the honour of the nation whose battles he fought seemed to be the predominant principle throughout his military career."

Two of Lord Amherst's younger brothers distinguished themselves in the public service: John, who was in the navy, attained the rank of admiral of the blue, and died February 12th, 1778; and William, who was

under the command of his brother, in North America, and died May 13th, 1781. He was colonel of the 32d regiment of foot, lieutenant-general in the army, aide-de-camp to the king, lieutenant-governor of Portsmouth, and of St. John's, Newfoundland, and adjutant-general of His Majesty's forces. A pillar was erected at Montreal in Kent, to commemorate an unexpected meeting of the three brothers in 1764, "after a six years' glorious war, in which the three were successfully engaged in various climes, seasons, and services." (Gentleman's Magazine for September, 1797; Annual Necrology for 1797-8; Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary; Collins's Peerage.)

J. T. S.

AMHURST, NICHOLAS, was a native of Marden in Kent. The date of his birth is not recorded, but in the memoir of him in Chalmers's "Biographical Dictionary," it is observed that "by a passage in his 'Terræ Filius' it would appear to be about 1706." As no more precise reference is given, it is not easy to find the passage alluded to; but the date is probably several years too late, as he became a pupil at Merchant Taylors' school, in London, in 1713, and was elected from it to St. John's College, Oxford, in June, 1716. Wilson, under the date 1717, states that in the space of a few months, while at college, Amhurst published-1. "An Epistle from a Student at Oxford to the Chevalier, occasioned by his Removal over the Alps, and the Discovery of the Swedish Conspiracy." 2. " A congratulatory Epistle to Mr. Addison on his being made Secretary of State." 3. " A Translation of Addison's 'Resurrection" (which poem was published in the "Musæ Anglicanæ"), and of some verses cited by him in his Dissertation on the Latin poets. These three pieces were, it is stated, published separately at London in 8vo. 4. In 1718, according to the same authority, Amhurst displayed his enmity to the high church clergy in a poem entitled "Protestant Popery, or the Convocation," in five cantos, which is a satire directed against all the writers who had opposed Bishop Hoadley in the Bangorian controversy; and he subsequently discovered this temper more fully in (5.) " A Congratulatory Epistle from His Holiness the Pope to the Rev. Dr. Snape, faithfully translated from the Latin Original into English Verse." In June, 1719, Amhurst was expelled from college, apparently upon a charge of libertinism, irregularity, and insulting behaviour to the president; but, according to his own account, because of the liberality of his sentiments on religious and political subjects. In the dedication of his "Poems" to Dr. Delaune, president of St. John's College, a production which, according to Cibber, abounds with mirth and pleasantry, and in which he rallies the president with very pungent irony, he intimates that

and Presbyterian bishops," for "ingratitude to his benefactor, that spotless martyr, Sir William Laud;" for "believing that steeples and organs are not necessary to salvation;" "for preaching without orders and praying without a commission;" for "lampooning priestcraft and petticoat-craft;" for "not lampooning the government and the revolution;" and for "prying into secret history;" and he complains that his persecutors instigated his creditors in the university to take him at a disadvantage. In the fortyfifth number of his "Terræ Filius," Amhurst gives a more serious account of the causes of his expulsion. Four out of the fourteen fellows present on the occasion dissented from the measure, and were, according to Amhurst, subsequently persecuted for their adherence to his cause.

Amhurst's resentment was violent and lasting. In 1721 he displayed it by the publication, in fifty semi-weekly numbers, of a periodical intended to satirize the learning and discipline of the university of Oxford, and to libel the characters of some of its principal members. The title of this work, (6.) "Terræ Filius," was suggested by an ancient custom of the university, according to which, on certain festive occasions, a person to whom that name was given mounted the rostrum and delivered a merry oration, interspersed with secret history, raillery, and sarcasm, according to the matter supplied by passing events. The work displays much wit, interspersed with personal abuse; and with all its malignity and exaggeration, it contains some curious anecdotes respecting the principles, manners, and conduct of several members of the university during the early part of the reign of George I. In a second edition of this work, published in 1726, in two volumes, 12mo., together with "Remarks upon a late Book entitled ' University Education,' by R. Newton, D. D., Principal of Hart Hall," there is a letter addressed to Dr. Mather, vice-chancellor of Oxford, respecting his prohibition of the book in the university. 7. Amhurst also published, in 1724, "Oculus Britanniæ, an heroi-panegyrical Poem on the University of Oxford," which, like the "Terræ Filius," appeared anonymously.

After leaving Oxford, Amhurst settled in London, and became a writer by profession. His principal literary undertaking was the political paper called "The Craftsman," of which he became "standing author," according to Wilson, about 1729 or 1730. He conducted it for several years, during which it was more read than any other publication of the kind. It reached a sale of ten or twelve thousand copies, and had a considerable effect in rousing the popular indignation against Walpole's administration. This influence was in a great measure owing to the