his commentators, that he admits his own moral depravity, because he contents himself with retorting that his accuser was guilty of the practices with which he charged Andocides (Περὶ τῶν Μυστηρίων, c. 17.).

Four extant orations are attributed to Andocides, but he wrote others which are lost. The oration entitled, "On his Return from Exile” (Περὶ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ Καθόδου), it is contended by some critics, was delivered after the overthrow of the administration of the Four Hundred, but the time cannot be accurately ascertained. The oration on the Mysteries (Περὶ τῶν Μυστηρίων) was delivered after the overthrow of the Thirty, and about B. c. 400, or three years after his second return to Athens. It is a defence of himself against a process named in Attic law an Endeixis (ἔνδειξις), the object of which, in his case, was to show that he laboured under certain disabilities in consequence of his conduct in the affair of the Mysteries and the Hermæ, and other things. The orator accordingly gives the whole history of the proceedings in these matters: he mentions that he was guiltless of all participation in the informations as to the profanation of the Mysteries, and that he was innocent of the affair of the Hermæ. Besides this, he relies on the acts of amnesty that had been passed after the expulsion of the Thirty. He draws a striking picture of the state of Athens during the investigation of these acts of sacrilege, which, compared with the narrative of Thucydides, forms one of the most singular cases on record of popular credulity and alarm. One of the causes of the enmity of his persecutors was, according to Andocides, the circumstance of his outbidding them for the farm of a part of the revenue of Athens, and thus giving the state the full value, instead of letting a portion go into the pockets of the former contractors. The speech on the Peace (Περὶ Εἰρήνης) has already been mentioned. Its genuineness was doubted by Dionysius and Harpocration, and the internal evidence is strongly against it. Among other things the writer speaks of the Thirty Years' Truce having lasted thirty years, which is a palpable blunder. Several passages in this speech and in that of Æschines on the Embassy (Περὶ Παραπρεσβείας), are nearly the same, and are either from a common source, or the writer of one of the speeches has borrowed from the other. The oration against Alcibiades (κατὰ ̓Αλκιβίαδου) has been the subject of much discussion. The orator mentions himself, Alcibiades, and Nicias as three persons who were threatened with ostracism; and he argues in favour of Alcibiades being entitled by his vices to the distinction of ostracism in preference to him self. Now, as Phæax was one of the three, and Andocides is not mentioned as one of them, it is contended by Taylor that Phæax is the author of the extant oration. But the best

opinion is, that it is neither by Andocides nor by Phæax. Ruhnken, who has answered some of Taylor's arguments, decides, from the style, in favour of the oration of Andocides being genuine, an opinion which, from so eminent a scholar, is rather singular, for the oration is an ill-constructed rhetorical exercise, as feeble in thought as it is trivial in expression. It could hardly have been delivered in its present form before the expedition to Sicily, of which Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus had the command; for the orator mentions a son of Alcibiades by a captive woman of Melos. Now, Melos was taken near the end of B. c. 415, and the expedition set sail about the middle of B. c. 414; the appointment of Nicias and Alcibiades was made in the spring of B. c. 414. The two genuine orations of Andocides are very different from this spurious speech. The oration on the Mysteries, delivered by a man sixty-seven years of age, is a specimen of clear statement and sound argumentation, expressed in vigorous language.

son.

The orations of Andocides were first published in the collection of Aldus, Venice, 1513, fol. They have been printed in the collections of H. Stephens, Reiske, and DobThe best edition of the text is by Imm. Bekker in his "Attic Orators," 1822, 8vo. They were edited separately by C. Schiller, Leipzig, 1835, 8vo.; and by J. G. Baiter and Herm. Sauppe, Zürich, 1838, 8vo. There is a German translation by A. G. Becker, 1832, 8vo. Leipzig; and a French translation by Athan. Auger, 1783, 8vo., with the orations of Lycurgus and others. (Thucydides, vi. 27, &c. 60.; Lives of the Ten Orators; Photius, Biblioth. Cod. 261.; Sluiter, Lectiones Andocidea; Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, iii., and Appendix; Clinton, Fasti Hellenici.) G. L.

ANDOQUE, a French writer, of whom little appears to be known, except that he was a counsellor in the court of the presidency of Béziers. Le Long fixes his death A. D. 1664. He published the following two works:-1. "Histoire du Languedoc jusqu'en 1610, avec l'Etat des Provinces voisines," fol. Béziers, 1648. Le Long gives two dates, 1623 and 1648, as if the work had gone through two editions, but David Clement has shown that the insertion of the date 1623 is an error, and that the only edition is that of 1648. 2. "Catalogue des Evêques de Béziers," 4to. Béziers, 1650. The history of Languedoc is held in very low estimation; truth and falsehood are mingled together in such a manner as to show that either the author had bad materials, or was deficient in discrimination. "Andoque, who has written after him (Catel) the history of this province, would have done better (says Germain de la Faille) not to have meddled with it; one can hardly conceive the number of blunders that this honest man (bonhomme) has made. I have marked in the margin of his book in going through it." Yet when published it had prefixed to it a strong recommendation from the president, lieutenant, and counsellors and magistrates of the court of the seneschal and the court of the presidency of Béziers. (David Clement, Bibliothèque Curieuse, &c. i. 297. Göttingen, 1750; Germain de la Faille, Preface to his Annales de Toulouse; Lenglet du Fresnoy, Méthode pour étudier l'Histoire, tom. iv. p. 233. 236. edit. Paris, 1729; Le Long, Bibliothèque Historique la France.) J. C. M.

de

ANDRA'DA. or ANDRADE, ALFONSO DE, a Spanish Jesuit born at Toledo in 1590. He became an associate of the college of St. Bernard at Toledo, and taught philosophy in the Athenæum of that city. He was afterwards raised to a rectorship of his order, and was sent on several missions across the eastern and western seas: he nevertheless found time to compose upwards of thirty volumes, the titles of which are given by Nicolas Antonio; the greater part of these volumes have been published. The following are some of the titles: -1. "El buen Soldado Catolico, y sus Obligaciones," 1 vol. 8vo. Madrid, 1642. 2. "El Estudiante perfecto, y sus Obligaciones," 1 vol. 8vo. Madrid, 1643. 3. "Itinerario Historial que debe guardar el Hombre para caminar al Cielo," 2 vols. Madrid, 1648, another edition ibid. 1657. 4. "Idea del perfecto Prelado y Vida del Cardenal Arzobispo de Toledo, Don Balthazar di Moscoso y Sandoval," 4to. Madrid, 1658. 5. "Varones illustres de la Compañia de Jesus," 2 vols. folio, Madrid, 1666, 1667. Andrada died at Madrid in 1672. (N. Antonius, Bibliotheca Hispana Nova.)

W. C. W.

ANDRA'DA or ANDRADE, FERNAN PEREZ DE, lived in the fourteenth century, was a brave and faithful adherent of Enrique or Henry, count of Trastamara (afterwards Enrique II. king of Castile and Leon), in his disputes with his half-brother King Pedro, styled "el Cruel." Argote de Molina, on the authority of el licenciado Molina, author of a description of Galicia, and Gandara, in his "Armas y Triunfos, &c. de Galicia," both state that when Pedro and Enrique were grappling in a mortal struggle in the tent of Du Guesclin, after the battle of Montiel, and when Pedro had thrown down

Houssaye states that Du Guesclin was the person. Froissart says a Viscount de Roquebertin (Rocaberti) was the man; but the assertion of writers of Andrada's own province is of more weight. That Andrada rendered Enrique of Trastamara important service cannot be doubted, for after his coronation Enrique granted him a large extent of territory adjacent to the Andrada hereditary estate. This grant is said to have comprised all the land seen from the top of the castle of Andrada to Cape Prior or Prioiro, which is between Coruña and Cape Ortegal. Andrada married, according to Argote de Molina, a daughter of Gomez Perez de las Marinas.

Andrada was called "o Bo," which is in Galician "the Good." He built or rather renewed the large and strong castle called "el Castillo de Andrada." This castle stands on an isolated rock to the eastward of Puente de Eume. At what exact period this work was accomplished is not known, but it was before Andrada's possessions were enlarged by King Enrique. The greater part of the castle is now in ruins, but the remaining walls are near three yards thick: the large square tower is entire; it commands an extensive view of land and sea, taking in Coruña, Ferrol, and other places. The arms of Andrada are sculptured over the gateway, and there are signs of an inscription, now illegible. A description of this castle, which is an imposing feature in a very picturesque landscape, is given in the "Diccionario Geografico" of Miñano, article "Puente de Eume." Andrada also built a bridge over the æstuary of the river Eume, which is still one of the most remarkable constructions of its kind in Spain. The bridge is three thousand and forty-five Spanish feet in length, and it had fifty-eight arches, but one of them is closed up. Formerly there was a chapel on the bridge, in which two masses were said weekly, one for the soul of King Enrique and the other for the soul of Andrada. There was also an hospitalillo, or small house of reception for pilgrims to Compostela, with four beds. Andrada left to the convent of Montefaro provision in land for the support of the chapel and house of reception. This great work was begun by Andrada in 1382 and finished in 1388. Andrada built two other bridges, called "del Porco" and "de

drada being present assisted Enrique, so that he became uppermost and slew his brother. The phrase used by Andrada on this occasion has been handed down: "Yo no quito ni pongo rey, sino libro a mi señor" (I neither set up nor put down a king, but free my lord). If we are not mistaken, the estates of Andrada were in the feudal domain of the Conde de Trastamara. The Spanish historians generally attribute this act in favour of

tefaro, and rebuilt the convent of San Francisco in the town of Betanzos. Works like these may give some idea of the power and resources of the ancient hidalguia or untitled nobility of Spain. Andrada has been said by Lopez de Haro to have been "privado " or confidential minister of Enrique II., and by Gandara to have been "testamentario" or executor of the will of that king.

Andrada died without issue, and his estates

fell to his brother, Pedro Fernandez de Andrada. (Lopez de Haro, Nobiliario Genealogico de los Reyes y Titulos de España; Argote de Molina, Nobleza de Andalusia; Les Chroniques de Sire Jean Froissart, Paris, 1836; Gandara, Armas y Triunfos de Galicia.)

W. C. W.

ANDRA'DA or ANDRADE, FERNANDO PEREZ DE, a Spanish nobleman, Conde de Andrada y Villalba, born at the castle of Andrada at Puente de Eume in Galicia, in the latter part of the fifteenth century. Andrada acquired considerable reputation as an officer in the wars of the Spaniards against the French in Italy in the time of Ferdinand of Aragon. He accompanied Don Luis Portocarrero as second in command of an army which was sent to Calabria in February, 1503, and Portocarrero dying soon after his arrival in Calabria, Andrada succeeded him in the command. He shortly after won the battle of Seminara over Everard d'Aubigny, general of the French forces in Calabria. The French were completely routed in this engagement, and D'Aubigny, who fled to the castle of Angitola, was afterwards taken prisoner.

Some misunderstanding arose between Andrada and Gonzalo de Cordoba, who had the chief command of the Spanish army in Italy. The place of Portocarrero, to which Andrada had succeeded, not having been subordinate to Cordoba, Andrada considered himself entitled to act independently, as Portocarrero's successor. But orders coming from King Ferdinand that he should place himself under Cordoba, Andrada obeyed, and was appointed to the cavalry.

At the celebrated battle of the Garigliano, when the power of the French in Naples was. utterly broken, Andrada had the command of the rear guard, and contributed mainly to the success of the Spaniards.

At the close of these campaigns Andrada returned to Galicia, and married Doña Francisca de Ulloa y Zuñiga, Countess of Monterrey, by whom he had only one child, Doña Teresa de Andrada. Andrada appears afterwards to have become obnoxious to King Ferdinand, for when disturbances arose in various parts of the kingdom, Ferdinand ordered the ports of Galicia to be guarded, and commanded Andrada and the Conde de Lemos to quit Galicia, where Mariana tells us they were very powerful; but he does not say whether they did quit it. After King Ferdinand's death and the accession of Charles the Fifth, and on the election of Pope Adrian the Sixth, Andrada accompanied Pope Adrian to Rome in August, 1522, with 4000 troops, principally Galicians, and remained at Rome till the death of Adrian, when he returned to Puente de Eume. In 1538 the archbishop of Santiago or Compostela, Don Bartolome Raloy y Losada, having rebuilt the church of Puente de Eume, Andrada added

the great chapel to it as it now stands; and the Andrada arms are sculptured over the principal entrance. Andrada also built a new palace on the river bank. Andrada's daughter, Doña Teresa, was married to Don Fernan Ruiz de Castro, marquis of Sarria and count of Lemos; and by this marriage the Andrada estates passed over to the house of Sarria, Lemos y Andrada. The estates have since gone to the family of the Dukes of Berwick. (Guicciardini, Istoria d' Italia ; Mariana, Historia General de España; Lopez de Haro, Nobiliario Genealogico, &c.) W.C.W. ANDRA'DA or ANDRA'DE, FRANCISCO RADE'S DE, was born, according to Tamayo de Vargas, at Toledo. Andrada was a licentiate of theology and a priest of the knightly order of Calatrava: he was afterwards made prior of the Benedictine convent at Jaen, and chaplain and almoner of King Philip the Second of Spain. Andrada's principal work is the history of the three Spanish orders of chivalry, Santiago de la Espada (Saint James of the Sword), Calatrava, and Alcántara, and as a large number of the principal Spanish combatants against the Moors during many ages were members of these orders, Andrada's work contains much genealogical and biographical information respecting the titled and untitled nobility of Spain.

Andrada's work possesses unquestionable merit; it was praised by his contemporaries, and is still highly prized by those for whom the history of Spain has any interest. Argote de Molina speaks of the thousand beauties of Andrada's style, and says that he has laid the nation under a great debt. Ambrosio Morales names Andrada as one who "excels in diligence and truth; " and Nicolas Antonio calls him an "industrious historian and a faithful and judicious writer." The titles of Andrada's works are - 1. "Catalogo de las Obligaciones que los Caballeros, Comendadores, Priores y otros Religiosos de la Orden de la Caballeria de Calatrava tienen en Razon de su Habito y Profesion," 1 vol. 8vo., printed at Toledo by Juan de Ayala, 1571. 2. "Coronica de las tres Ordenes y Caballerias de Santiago, Calatrava, y Alcantara," folio, Toledo, 1572. Andrada left in manuscript a "Nobiliario," called by Alarcon, Mendez Sylva, and other genealogists, "Los Linages de España." Andrada also left in manuscript a genealogy of the house of Ponce de Leon, ancient lords of Marchena, Mairena, Baylen, and Rota. The famous Marquess of Cadiz who distinguished himself in the wars of Granada, was of the Ponce family, and the present Duke of Arcos, and the Marquis of Castilleja del Campo are Ponces de Leon. (N. Antonius, Biblioth. Hisp. Nov.; Argote de Molina, Nobleza de Andalusia; Lopez de Haro, Nobiliario genealogico de los Reyes y Titulos de España ; Mariana, Historia general de España; ErAviles, Ciencia Heroica; Caro y Torres, Historia de las Ordenes Militares.) W. C. W.

ANDRA'DA or ANDRADE, JACINTO FREIRE DE, a Portuguese writer, born at Beja, in Alentejo, in 1597. He embraced a religious life, and became abbot of the monastery of Santa Maria de Chaus, in Galicia. He afterwards rose to some distinction at the court of Philip the Fourth of Spain, who was at that time also king of Portugal; but his attachment to the house of Braganza made him obnoxious to Philip's minister, Olivares. Andrada was compelled to withdraw into obscurity, but he aided in promoting the views of John duke of Braganza and his party until the year 1640, when John of Braganza was proclaimed king of Portugal with the title of João the Fourth. King João wished to reward Andrada's services by sending him on a diplomatic mission, but he was prevented from doing so by fear lest Andrada's uncontrollable wit should endanger the successful issue of his embassy. The king offered him the bishopric of Viseu, but Andrada declined it, foreseeing that the pope, who recognised no king of Portugal except King Philip, would not confirm the nomination. Andrada's name is conspicuous in the history of Portuguese literature, both for his poetical and his prose writings. "Wit so highly cultivated," says Bouterwek, "had never shown itself in Portuguese verse." Sismondi gives Andrada the credit of parodying in a very happy manner the peculiarities of the school of Gongora, the " estilo culto," which long deformed both the poetry and prose of Spain by its tiresome mythology and incongruous imagery. Andrada's burlesque of the fable of Narcissus is exquisite, and his Polifemo e Galatea is a broad caricature of the Polifemo of Gongora. Andrada's wit however never passed the bounds of good humour. He says himself that he sought relief in these fanciful compositions from the real ills of life. But Andrada's reputation as an author rests principally on a biography of Dom João de Castro, fourth viceroy of Por tuguese India, a work which, on its publication, was held to be superior to any thing of the kind that had appeared in Portugal. The first passage of the book indicates the spirit which pervades it. " I propose,” says Andrada, "to write the life of Dom João de Castro, a man greater than his name, greater than his victories, the recital of whose deeds is to this day in India handed down successively, from father to son, a living record of his fame. We will aid with this small book of ours in the universal proclamation of his glory, because memories endure less faithfully in tradition than on the written page." Bouterwek attributes to Andrada great merit in the narration of events. His opinion however that Andrada's language is not only natural, but no where poetical, must be received with

writer on Portuguese literature, views Andrada as one of those rare historians to whom nature has given energy and an elevated mind, who know how to observe and to paint what they have observed, who can survey a train of mingled events, and select from them such as best characterise the whole. He chose a fine subject, and he has treated it in such a manner that his work has always been proposed as a model for the study of the Portuguese language. There are however, in this biography, passages and expressions, which if they do not approach the style which Andrada had previously ridiculed, partake certainly of the figurative style of poetry. Andrada died at Lisbon in 1657. His poems are printed in a collection called " A Fenix renascida, ou Obras poeticas dos melhores engenhos Portugueses," a second edition of which was published at Lisbon in 1746, in 3 vols. 8vo. The first edition of the "Vida de Dom João de Castro, Quarto Visorey da India, por Jacinto Freire de Andrada," was printed in folio by Creasbeck, at Lisbon, in 1651; a neat 8vo. edition at Paris in 1759; and in 1835 the Academia Real das Sciencias at Lisbon ordered an edition to be printed with notes and original documents made and collected by D. Fr. Francisco de S. Luiz, bishop of Coimbra. A copy of this last named edition, with the notes and extracts from the documents, was published at Paris by Aimé Andre, 1837. We know of no translations, except one into English in the seventeenth century by Henry Herringman, and another into Latin by the Italian Jesuit del Rosso. (N. Antonius, Biblioth. Hisp. Nov.; Bouterwek, History of Spanish and Portuguese Literature; Sismondi, Literature of the South of Europe; Résumé de l'Histoire Littéraire de Portugal, par Ferdinand Denis; Dictionnaire Universal Historique, &c., neuvième édition, par une Société des Savans.) W. C. W.

ANDRA'DA E SILVA, JOSE' BONIFACIO, was born at Santos in the province of San Paulo, one of the mining districts in Brazil, of an old and highly respected family, about the year 1762. José was sent with his two younger brothers, Antonio Carlos and Martin Francisco, to the university of Coimbra, about 1783. The eldest brother took his degrees in jurisprudence and natural philosophy, Antonio in jurisprudence and philosophy, and the third in mathematics. Soon after José had left Coimbra for Lisbon, he was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences at Lisbon; and in June, 1790, at the recommendation of the academy, he was sent to travel through Europe at the expense of the Portuguese government, to improve his knowledge of chemistry, mineralogy, and metallurgy. He was absent from Portugal ten years and three months, during which he visited France, Holland, Scandinavia, GerParis, where he became acquainted with Fourcroy, Duhamel, Jussieu and Brongniart, and several years at Freiberg, where he studied mineralogy under Werner. On his return to Portugal he was appointed general superintendent of mines, and also held a professorship at Coimbra. At the time of the French invasion, he headed a corps formed from among the students to repel the invaders and conducted himself with distinguished bravery. On the re-establishment of the Academy of Sciences after the war he was appointed temporary secretary, and afterwards full secretary to that body, the proceedings of which he superintended for seven years, till 1819, when he took his leave for the purpose of returning to Brazil. The foregoing dates are principally taken from the farewell speech which he delivered on that occasion. In this speech he alludes with some acrimony to persons unnamed, who had "sought to embitter his weary existence, and to defeat his patriotism and his good designs;" but he remarks that "the study of nature and of books, in the bosom of friendship, together with the voice of conscience, were the salutary balsam which had cicatrized these wounds of the heart," and that therefore "it behoved him to forget the past." The only reason assigned for his quitting Portugal was his wish to spend the remainder of his life in repose in his native country. His brothers had returned to Brazil some years before, and Antonio had been implicated in the republican insurrection of 1817 at Pernambuco, where he was ouvidor or judge, and was suffering imprisonment in consequence at Bahia at the time of José's return.

José declined acceding to the request of the king, Don John VI., to take office at Rio de Janeiro, where he then held his court, and retired to his native province, San Paulo. Here he seems to have remained in quiet till the general excitement caused by the establishment of the constitution of the 20th of August, 1820, in Portugal, when the cortes of that kingdom summoned King John to Europe, for which he took his departure on the 7th of March, 1821. After that event Brazil was thrown into a state of excitement, and the militia and inhabitants, assembling before the town hall of San Paulo, demanded the establishment of a provisional junta for the government of the province, and elected José Andrada president. He accepted the office, and advised his electors to return to order, and submit to the laws and the prince regent, Don Pedro. They took the advice, and tranquillity was preserved till the arrival of the news of the decree of the Portuguese cortes of the 29th of September, by which Brazil was divided into four provinces, all independent of each other, and dependent on Lisbon as a metropolis, the courts of justice were removed from Rio de

Don Pedro, was peremptorily recalled to Europe. On this occasion Andrada took the lead in advising resistance. He summoned a meeting of his colleagues at eleven o'clock at night on receiving the intelligence of the order of recall, and, before they separated, obtained their signatures to an address to Don Pedro, drawn up by himself, the language of which was of the boldest character. "How dare these deputies of Portugal," it said, "without waiting for those of Brazil, thus promulgate laws affecting the most sacred interests of each province of an entire kingdom? How dare they dismember and subdivide this kingdom into a number of isolated particles, possessing no common centre of strength and union? How dare they deprive your Royal Highness of the Regency with which your august father, our monarch, had invested you? How dare they snatch from Brazil the tribunals of justice ? To whom are the unfortunate people hereafter to address themselves, touching their economical and judicial interests ? After having been for twelve years accustomed to prompt redress, will they now undergo anew the delays and the chicanery of the tribunals of Lisbon? After all the deceitful promises of reciprocal equality and fraternity, could any one believe in the existence of so vile a stratagem?" Andrada presented this address to the prince at Rio on the Ist of January, 1822. The whole country was aroused, and on the 9th of January Don Pedro, in answer to a representation of the senate of Rio, which informed him that on the day on which he should set sail for Europe Brazil would declare its independence, announced his resolution to remain. On the 16th of the same month he appointed José Andrada minister of the interior, of justice, and of foreign affairs. The next day Ignacio de Andrada, father of the three brothers, arrived at Rio as the head of a deputation from San Paulo, and the consort of Don Pedro, Leopoldina of Austria, placed her infant daughter Maria da Gloria, the present queen of Portugal, in his arms, with a tender appeal to his patriotism and honour. The appointment of José Andrada to the ministry was understood as a signal that the separation of Brazil and Portugal was determined on. On the 1st of August Don Pedro issued the manifesto of independence, and on the 25th of September he accepted the title of constitutional emperor of Brazil. The necessary measures for these important steps were carried out by José, who was assisted by his brother Martin, as minister of finance. So far the Andrada ministry advanced with success; in the discussions on the fundamental constitution for Brazil, they were less fortunate. Their opinions had been generally supposed to be democratical, but José Andrada, who was considered the most eloquent