his then existing marriage with Jeanne, daughter of Louis XI. This was obtained, as well as a dispensation for the marriage of Louis and Anne, which was celebrated at Nantes the 7th or 8th January, 1499. The marriage articles were this time much more favourable to Anne and to the independence of Bretagne than on the occasion of her former marriage; when she was little more than a child, and was pressed with difficulties on every side. She was crowned queen consort of France a second time 6th November, 1504. By her marriage with Louis, Anne had four children; two sons, who died in infancy; and two daughters, Claude, born 13th October, 1499, and Renée, born 25th October, 1510, both of whom survived her.

During the remainder of her life Anne preserved in her own hands the administration of the government of Bretagne ; and exercised, according to Mézeray, considerable influence in the affairs of France, in the reigns both of Charles VIII. and of Louis XII., but especially in the reign of the latter, through his complaisance. The greatest affection was indeed manifested by them to each other; and during the absence of Louis in his Italian wars or other engagements, they corresponded in Latin verses, which the poets of the court were employed to write. During the illnesses of Louis she was indefatigable in her attentions yet during his dangerous illness at Lyon (1504), she, with characteristic attention to her own interest, had her valuables packed up and embarked on the Loire, ready to be conveyed to Nantes the moment of the king's anticipated death. The only excuse for this unseemly conduct of Anne is, that the death of Louis and the accession of François of Angoulême, then a minor, would have thrown the regency of the kingdom into the hands of Louise of Savoy, duchess dowager of Angoulême, whom Anne had kept in banishment from the court, and whose resentment therefore she had the greatest reason to fear. But the preparations of Anne to save herself and her property were disconcerted by the Marshal de Gié, who sent orders to Angers, of which he was governor, to stop the boats if they attempted to pass; and they were rendered unnecessary by the recovery of Louis. The interference of De Gié, though justified by the circumstances, drew upon him the hatred of Anne, who united with his other enemies to ruin him. Several charges were brought against him, on which he was brought to trial; and though the capital charges failed, he was, after a vindictive prosecution of two years, stripped of his various employments and banished from court. He appears however, after an exile of seven years, to have been restored to favour a little before his death.

Anne's great desire was to secure the independence of Bretagne, and to this end she was

anxious that her daughter and heiress, Claude, should marry an Austrian rather than a French prince. Louis had agreed to this; and Claude was affianced (A. D. 1501) to Charles, duke of Luxemburg, grandson of Maximilian, and afterwards emperor under the title of Charles V. The states-general of France were however too sensible of the importance of the reunion of Bretagne with France to permit this and Louis, at their desire, broke his engagement with Charles, and affianced Claude (A. D. 1506) to François, duke of Angoulême, heir presumptive to the throne of France, which he afterwards ascended as François I. This match was by no means acceptable to Anne; and it is said to have been owing to her opposition that the marriage was not celebrated during her lifetime: it was solemnised about four months after her death.

Anne was a princess of great piety, and was exceedingly shocked at the prospect of the war which threatened to break out (A. D. 1510) between Louis XII. and the pope, Julius II. She besought her husband with tears to avoid hostilities with the head of the church; and though her interference did not ultimately prevent the war, it had sufficient weight to induce Louis to take the opinion of a council of bishops before commencing hostilities. After the war had commenced, Anne applied to the pope, beseeching forgiveness for her husband, or at least for herself, "who sought it with tears." In the war which Louis maintained soon after (A. D. 1513) with England, in which no religious scruples were concerned, she pursued a very different course. She equipped a fleet, the largest vessel of which carried a hundred guns and twelve hundred men; and her admiral, Primoguet, repulsed a far more numerous English fleet that was ravaging the coast of Bretagne.

Anne died of gravel at Blois, the 9th (or, according to an old history quoted by Brantôme, 21st) Jan. 1514, having nearly completed her thirty-seventh year. She was buried at St. Denis, and when Louis XII. died, about a year after, their bodies were deposited in the same tomb. The heart of Anne was deposited in the tomb of her father at Nantes. Her personal appearance is described by Brantôme. Her character has been the theme of praise with most historians. Her education was carefully conducted; and she is said to have understood Latin and Greek, and to have contributed by her patronage to the revival of letters. She maintained great state and order in her court, and is said to have been the first who instituted the office of maids of honour. affection for her two husbands appears to have been great; her generosity was manifested by the handsome presents which she made; the purity of her manners was exemplary; and her piety was attested by her devotional exercises, her almsgiving, and

Her

the 22d of October, and met the queen at Opsloe in Norway. Their return was interrupted by a series of winter storms, which gave rise to the trial and punishment of a numerous band of witches, accused of influencing the elements. Anne's residence in Scotland was marked by few incidents, and though she is occasionally charged with attempts to intrigue, the historians of the day are respectful to her memory. A charge has been revived against her (chiefly on the authority of Galluzzi's "Istoria del Granducato di Toscana") of having been in secret a Roman Catholic, and of having conspired to make James embrace that religion. An examination of the charge would exceed the present limits; and it can only be generally stated that it is not sufficiently supported. There are abundance of documents showing that James himself intrigued with the Catholics, but none implicating his wife. She enjoyed much more fully than her husband the confidence of her son Henry, whose hatred of the Romish church is well known. She exhibited a spirited and resolute temper in resisting a project_to_place Henry under the authority of the Earl and Countess of Mar; and in a very apologetic letter to her by James, he assures her that though her enemies have insinuated somewhat against her, they have not dared to accuse her of intrigues with Rome. The following passage from an account of her last moments referred to below seems, while showing that she died a Protestant, to indicate that there had been doubts about her creed. "Then the Bischope of Canterburie said, Madame, we hope your Majestie doeth not trust to your awin merites, nor to the mediatioun of Santes, bvt only by the bloode and merits of our Saviour, Chryst Jesus, you sall be saued.' 'I do,' scho answeres, and withall scho sayes, 'I renounce the mediatioun of all Santes, and my awin mereits, and does only rely wpone my Saviour Chryst, who hes redeamed my saull with his bloode.' This being said, gaif a great satisfactioun to the Bischopes, and to the feu number that hard hir."

Anne was a lover of masques and other festive entertainments. She sometimes hunted with the king, and on one of these occasions she accidentally shot Jewel, a favourite hound. She had an accomplished mind, and showed towards her husband more affection than such a man could have been expected to elicit. A collection of brief notes addressed to her husband, in a pretty and legible Italian hand, show a smart wit, and an affectionate heart. The following specimen is supposed to refer to the marriage of the Earl of Nottingham to the Lady Margaret Stuart,

"Your majesty's letter was wellcome to me. I have bine as glad of the faire weather as your self. [In] the last part of your letter you have guessed right that I wold laugh. Who wold not laugh both at the persons and

the subject, but more at so well a chosen Mercurie between Mars and Venus. You knowe that women can hardly keepe counsell. I humbly desire your M to tell me how it is possible that I should keepe this secret that have alreadie tolde it, and I shall tell it to as manie as I speake with. If I were a Poete, I wolde make a song of it, and sing it to the Tune of Three fooles well mett. So kissing your hands I rest yours, Anna R."

Anne never countenanced Somerset, but with Buckingham, his more powerful successor in the king's favour, she interceded for Raleigh's life. She died of a disease of the lungs on 1st March, 1618-19. (The Historie and Life of King James the Sext, ed. 4to. 1825.; Account of the last Moments of Queen Anne of Denmark, in the Miscellany of the Abbotsford Club; Letters by the Family of James I., Denmilne MSS. Adv. Lib., and Introduction to Fac Similes of these Letters presented to the Maitland Club; Kennet's History, ii. 557. 651. 685. 697. 719.) J. H. B.

ANNE, Queen of ENGLAND, was born on the 6th of February, 1664. She was the second daughter of James II. by his first wife, Anne Hyde, daughter of the Earl of Clarendon. She and her elder sister Mary, who married William, Prince of Orange, and afterwards reigned with him on her father's throne, were the only two of eight children by James's first marriage who survived childhood. Anne was a sickly child, and, when five years old, was sent to France, and stayed there some months, for the benefit of her health. She lost her mother in 1671, when she was only seven years old. The daughter of the great Protestant chancellor and historian died declaring herself a Roman Catholic. But though James, at this time Duke of York, had made a convert of his wife, his two daughters were brought up in the Protestant religion. "It was much against his will," he told Compton, bishop of London, who had asked his permission for confirming Mary, "that his daughters went to church, and were bred Protestants; and the reason why he had not endeavoured to have them instructed in his own religion was, because he knew, if he should have attempted it, they would have immediately been quite taken from him." (Life of James II., edited by the Rev. J. S. Clarke, i. 503.)

When, in February, 1679, during the excitement of the Popish plot, Charles II. sent James out of England, the Princess Anne was not allowed to accompany her father. She was allowed, however, to visit him at Brussels in the autumn of the year, and with him and his second wife and her half-sister, the Princess Isabella, she visited Mary, now Princess of Orange, at the Hague. The whole party returned to London in October, the duke having received permission to return; and upon his being sent almost immediately into

The Duke of York's influence with Charles was now in the ascendant, and Charles had allied himself with France by a secret treaty, and was receiving money from Louis XIV., which enabled him to dispense with parliaments. [CHARLES II.] However, none but Protestant suitors were thought of for the Princess Anne. In the end of the year 1680, Prince George of Hanover, who afterwards succeeded Anne, with the title of George I., had come over to England to pay his addresses to her; but the negotiation had hardly commenced when it was broken off, either because the prince was suddenly recalled to make another match that seemed to his father more advisable for the interests of Hanover, or, according to another account, because the prince was disappointed in the person of the princess. In May, 1683, the Danish ambassador proposed to Charles II. a marriage for Anne with Prince George, the brother of Christian V., king of Denmark. The proposal was instantly accepted. Prince George arrived in London on the 19th of July, and the marriage was celebrated at St. James's on the 28th of the same month. France had been consulted, and had made no opposition. "The marriage that was now made with the brother of Denmark," says Burnet, "did not at all please the nation, for we knew that the proposition came from France. So it was apprehended that both courts reckoned they were sure that he would change his religion." (Hist. of his own Time, ii. 562.) It is to be doubted whether at this time any such design existed, except in the suspicions mentioned by Burnet; but it is known that, after James's accession to the throne, attempts were made on the religion of the prince and princess.

Lady Churchill, afterwards Duchess of Marlborough, who held for a long time so remarkable an influence over Anne, was appointed a lady of her bedchamber, on the occasion of her marriage with Prince George of Denmark. "The beginning of the princess's kindness for me," says the duchess herself, “had a much earlier date than my entrance into her service. My promotion to this honour was wholly owing to impressions she had before received to advantage; we had used to play together when she was a child, and she even then expressed a particular fondness for me. This inclination increased with our years. I was often at court, and the princess always distinguished me by the pleasure she took to honour me, preferably to others, with her conversation and confidence. In all her parties for her

one; and so desirous she became of having me always near her, that, upon her marriage with the Prince of Denmark in 1683, it was at her own earnest request to her father I was made one of the ladies of her bedchamber." (Account of the Conduct of the Duchess of Marlborough, p. 9.) The Countess of Clarendon was appointed first lady of the bedchamber to the princess, being the wife of her maternal uncle. After Charles's death, when Lord Clarendon went as lord-lieutenant to Ireland, the countess accompanied him, and Lady Churchill was promoted into her place. From the time of Anne's marriage until that memorable breach took place, the story of which has at once the interest of a romance and the importance of history, this celebrated lady was the adviser, first of the princess, and afterwards of the queen. The manner of their correspondence, which was suggested by the princess, is a striking illustration of the favourite's influence over her mistress. "For the sake of friendship (a relation which she, the princess, did not disdain to have with me) she was fond even of that equality which she thought belonged to it. She grew uneasy to be treated by me with the form and ceremony due to her rank; nor could she bear from me the sound of words which implied in them distance and inferiority. It was this turn of mind which made her one day propose to me, that, whenever I should happen to be absent from her, we might in all our letters write ourselves by feigned names, such as would import nothing of distinction of rank between us. Morley and Freeman were the names her fancy hit upon; and she left me to choose by which of them I would be called. My frank open temper naturally led me to pitch upon Freeman, and so the princess took the other; and from this time Mrs. Morley and Mrs. Freeman began to converse as equals, made so by affection and friendship." (Account, p. 14.)

Charles II. died, and James II. ascended the throne, on the 6th of February, 1685. "During her father's whole reign," says the Duchess of Marlborough of her mistress, "she kept her court as private as she could, consistent with her station. What were the designs of that unhappy prince everybody knows. They came soon to show themselves undisguised, and attempts were made to draw his daughter into them. The king, indeed, used no harshness with her; he only discovered his wishes by putting into her hands some books and papers, which he hoped might induce her to a change of religion." (Account, p. 15.) But there was a more systematic attempt at Anne's conversion to the Roman Catholic religion than would be supposed from this account of the duchess. An overture was made to Prince George of Denmark, early in James's reign, to co

operate in converting the princess, with a promise to secure her the succession to the throne before her sister Mary, if she became a Roman Catholic. It is said by Sir James Mackintosh, on the authority of MSS. letters of Bonrepaux, the French minister, and D'Adda, the pope's nuncio, who were the chief promoters of this scheme, that Prince George was caught for a time by the glittering offer. But the Protestantism in which Anne had been so carefully educated was not to be shaken. (Mackintosh's History of the Revolution, p. 81.; see also Hallam's Constitutional History of England, iii. 95., and the passages in the Histoire de la Révolution de 1688 of M. Mazure, referred to in Mr. Hallam's note.) The strength of Anne's Protestant feelings is amply testified by the extracts from her letters to the Princess of Orange, written towards the close of her father's reign, which have been published by Sir John Dalrymple in the appendix to his historical work. "I am sorry," she writes to her sister, January 31, 1688, "the king encourages the Papists so much, and I think it is very much to be feared that the desire the king has to take off the test and all other laws against them is only a pretence to bring in popery." (App. part. i. b. v. p. 168.) Again, March 13, 1688, "the king has never said a word to me about religion since the time I told you of; but I expect every minute, and am resolved to undergo anything rather than change my religion. Nay, if it should come to such extremities, I will choose to live on alms rather than change; " (p. 169.) and on the 22d of June in the same year, she writes, "I am wholly of your mind, that in taking away the test and penal laws, they take away our religion; and if that be done, farewell all happiness, for when once the Papists have every thing in their hands, all we poor Protestants have but dismal times to hope for. Though we agree in these matters, yet I can't help fancying that you are not of my opinion in other things, because you never answered me to anything that I have said of Roger, nor of Mansell's wife." (p. 176.) Roger is the name by which the princess spoke, in her letters, of the Earl of Sunderland, then James's principal adviser, and Mansell, of the king himself. The queen, "Mansell's wife," had been delivered some days before of a son, the ill-fated Pretender as he is known in history, whose genuine birth, which is now considered as established, was then very generally disputed. [JAMES II.] Anne had, in March, written to her sister her suspicions of the queen's pregnancy being feigned. It happened that Anne, who was then herself with child, had gone to Bath by medical advice, when the queen was confined. James attributed this absence to design; but the letter in which she communicated to her sister her doubts of the child being genuine

sufficiently prove this imputation to be unjust. "My dear sister can't imagine the concern and vexation I have been in, that I should be so unfortunate to be out of town when the queen was brought to bed, for I shall never now be satisfied whether the child be true or false. It may be it is our brother, but God only knows, for she never took care to satisfy the world, or give people any demonstration of it.. After all this, 'tis possible it may be her child; but where one believes it, a thousand do not. For my part, except they do give very plain demonstrations, which is almost impossible now, I shall ever be of the number of unbelievers." (p. 175.) There follow, in Sir John Dalrymple's extracts, a list of queries sent by the Princess of Orange to Anne for the purpose of testing the disputed birth, and a long circumstantial reply from Anne, which are very singular specimens of correspondence between royal sisters. (pp. 177-184.) The princess's horror of the king and queen's religion, her estrangement from them, which had latterly become visible, and the bias natural to her position which the birth of a brother materially affected, all made it easy for her to convince herself, with almost all the Protestants of the kingdom, that the Prince of Wales was a fraud. These letters of Anne show her, what she ever after was in the more important future position of her life, weak, narrow-minded, strong-willed, bigoted, but well-meaning and sincere.

On the 5th of November, 1688, William, prince of Orange, landed in England, to deliver the English nation from the peril which James was bringing on of Roman Catholic ascendancy. When James went to his army at Salisbury, Prince George of Denmark accompanied him. But it had been arranged that he and Lord Churchill should desert the king at the most fitting time, and go over to the Prince of Orange. Anne wrote this to the Prince of Orange the day after her husband's departure; and, replying to a letter which she had received from her brother-in-law, assured him of her warm wishes for his "success in this so just an undertaking." (Dalrymple, App. part i. b. vi. p. 249.) Prince George left the king at Andover, where he had stopped for a night as he was retiring from Salisbury to London, on the 24th of November: Lord Churchill had deserted a day or two before from Salisbury. The Princess Anne fled from Whitehall on the night of the 25th with Lady Churchill and Lady Fitzhardinge, another of her ladies; and having slept that night at the Bishop of London's, was conducted from London the next day by the bishop and the Earl of Dorset. When, on the day after her flight, James arrived in London and found that his daughter had forsaken him, he was completely staggered by the news, and burst into tears. "It was on this occasion that the king,