A saturated saline solution always boils at a temperature above 100°C. But the excess of the boiling point above 100°C. is not proportional to the amount of salt dissolved.

The vapour-pressure of an aqueous solution of a salt is always less than the pressure of saturated steam at the same temperature, the difference at any given temperature being roughly proportional to the percentage of salt in the solution. Thus at 51.8°C., the vapour-pressures of aqueous solutions of chloride of sodium, expressed in millimetres of mercury, were found by Wüllner to be:—

salt

Wüllner has also found that the diminution of the vapourpressure due to the presence of a given percentage of any increases with the temperature.

Table shewing the temperatures at which a solid first appears on cooling solutions of chloride of sodium of different strengths. (Dr Guthrie in Phil. Mag., May, 1876.)

Some of the principal results of Dr Guthrie's experiments on the freezing of saline solutions are given below; showing (1) the lowest temperature which he obtained by means of the cryogen, (2) the freezing point of the cryohydrate (under a pressure of one atmo), (3) the 'water-worth' of the cryohydrate-that is, the number of molecules of water to each molecule of the salt. (Phil. Mag., April, 1875.)

Chloride of Potassium (K Cl)
Chromate of Potassium (K2CrO4)
Chloride of Barium (Ba Cl2+2H2O)
Nitrate of Lead {Pb2(NO3)}
Nitrate of Strontium (Sr, NO,)

Sulphate of Magnesium (MgSO4+7H2O)
Sulphate of Zinc (ZnSO,+7H2O)
Nitrate of Potassium (KNO)
(Nag CO2)

Sulphate of Copper (CuSO4+5H2O)
Sulphate of Iron (FeSO4+7H2O)
Sulphate of Potassium (K2SO4)
Bichromate of Potassium (K2CrO7)
Nitrate of Barium {Ba 2(NO3)}

Crystallized Sulphate of Soda (NaSO4

Chlorate of Potassium (KClO3)

Ammonium Alum {Al,NH42(SO4)

+12H2O}

Perchloride of Mercury (HgCl)

Nitrate of Silver (AgNO3)

Anhydrous Sulphate of Soda (Na2SO4)

Anhydrous Sulphate of Copper (CuSỖ1)

Nitrate of Calcium {Ca2(NO3)}

Chloride of Calcium (CaCl2+3H2O)

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