on. Another shot struck him, and he still advanced, when a third lodged in his breast. He staggered, and sat on the ground. Lieutenant Brown, of the grenadiers; one Henderson, a volunteer in the same company; and a private soldier, aided by an officer of artillery who ran to join them, carried him in their arms to the rear. He begged them to lay him down. They did so, and asked if he would have a surgeon. 'There's no need,' he answered; it's all over with me.' A moment after, one of them cried out, 'They run; see how they run!' 'Who run?' Wolfe demanded, like a man roused from sleep. The enemy, sir. Egad, they give way everywhere!' 'Go, one of you, to Colonel Burton,' returned the dying man; tell him to march Webb's regiment down to Charles River, to cut off their retreat from the bridge.' Then, turning on his side, he murmured, 'Now, God be praised, I will die in peace!' and in a few moments his gallant soul had fled. Montcalm, still on horseback, was borne with the tide of fugitives towards the town. As he approached the walls a shot passed through his body. He kept his seat; two soldiers supported him, one on each side, and led his horse through the St Louis gate. On the open space within, among the excited crowd, were several women, drawn, no doubt, by eagerness to know the result of the fight. One of them recognised him, saw the streaming blood, and shrieked, 'O mon Dieu! mon Dieu! le Marquis est tué!' 'It's nothing, it's nothing,' replied the death-stricken man; 'don't be troubled for me, my good friends.' ('Ce n'est rien, ce n'est rien; ne vous affligez pas pour moi, mes bonnes amies.') (From Montcalm and Wolfe.) All Parkman's historical books appeared in numerous editions during his life. Since his death collected editions have been published in twelve, in thirteen, in seventeen, and in twenty volumes. The Pioneers and The Jesuits and The Ancient Régime have been translated into German, The Pioneers and The Jesuits translated (much garbled) into French. See A Life of Francis Parkman by C. H. Farnham (1901), with bibliography of Parkman and of his works; also J. F. Jameson's History of Historical Writing in America (1891) and E. G. Bourne's Essays in Historical Criticism (1901). CHARLES H. HULL. Herman Melville (1819–91) was born in New York city, and, irresistibly drawn to a sailor's life, shipped at eighteen as cabin-boy on a ship bound for Liverpool. He took a spell at home as a teacher, but went to sea again in 1842, this time on a South-Sea whaler. At Nukahiva in the Marquesas he and a comrade, the 'Toby' of his story, deserted the ship, owing to the captain's harsh treatment. On the island he was kept four months as the prisoner of the not unkindly cannibals of the Typee Valley, whence he was rescued by an Australian whaler, in which he took service. Returning to the United States in 1846, he published Typee, a spirited account of his residence in the Marquesas, and in 1847 Omoo, a continuation of his adventures in Oceania. Mardi (1848), in another manner, was a much less happy effort. White Jacket, or the World in a Man-of-War (1850), was in his better vein; and Moby Dick, or the White Whale (1852), though not without flaws of style and construction, is a really great seastory, full of power and the incommunicable charm of the ocean. Melville was a most unequal writer, and many of his stories, especially his later ones, were odd, chaotic, and unworthy of his earlier reputation, though Israel Potter (1855) was commended by Hawthorne for its portraits of Franklin and Paul Jones. His poetry, such as that of the volume Battle Pieces and Aspects of War (1866), is wholly forgotten. For a time he held a post in the Custom-House, but for many years lived in seclusion, his mental faculties having given way. R. L. Stevenson's praise revived the vogue of Typee and Omoo. Donald Grant Mitchell, who became known under the pen-name of 'Ik Marvel,' was born in Norwich, Connecticut, 12th April 1822, graduated at Yale, studied law, and was in 1853 appointed U.S. consul at Venice. He edited the Atrantic Monthly 1868-69, and from 1855 lived on his farm of Edgewood near New Haven, with which several of his books deal (Wet Days at Edgewood, &c.). Best known of his works, combining humour and a graceful element of sentiment and domesticity, were his Reveries of a Bachelor and Dream Life (1850-51; new eds. 1889). Among the rest are a novel, Dr Johns (1866); English Lands, Letters, and Kings (2 vols. 1889-95); American Lands and Letters (1897). Bayard Taylor (1825-78) was born of Quaker and German ancestry at Kennett Square in Chester county, Pennsylvania, and was educated at a common school, and for five years at a high school. He acquired a familiar knowledge of Latin, French, Spanish, and, later, German; and from his twelfth year he wrote essays, stories, and poems; and two years after he had become an apprentice in a printing-office he published Ximena, a volume of poems, sold by subscription. Disliking his trade, he bought himself off from his apprenticeship, arranged with the editors of several papers to write a series of letters from abroad, and with a hundred and forty dollars paid in advance for these contributions, he sailed for Liverpool on a pedestrian tour of Europe in 1844, and carried his knapsack through Scotland, England, Belgium, the Rhine countries, Austria, and Italy. His letters, for which he received in all five hundred dollars, were his sole means of support, and were in 1846 published as Views Afoot, or Europe seen with Knapsack and Staff. After his return he edited a country newspaper, then went to New York, and obtained a post on the Tribune. As its correspondent he made extensive travels in California and Mexico, recorded in El Dorado (1850), and up the Nile, and in Asia Minor, Syria, across Asia to India, China, and Japan-recorded in his Journey to Central Africa, The Land of the Saracen (1854), and A Visit to India, China, and Japan (1855). Later explorations are recorded in Northern Travel (1858) and Travels in Greece and Russia (1859). He was a very successful lecturer on his travelling experiences, and on the outbreak of the Civil War warmly advocated the national cause. This led to his being sent in 1862-63 as secretary of legation to St Petersburg. Much of his time after 1863 was spent in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. In 1870 he lectured on German literature at Cornell University. In 1876 he was again at work on the Tribune (of which he was a part-proprietor); in 1877 he was nominated United States ambassador in Berlin, but entering on his duties in May 1878, only lived to fulfil them till towards the end of the same year. Over and above his own books of travel, he edited a library of travels, and with Ripley a handbook of literature and fine arts; and he did much miscellaneous literary work, editing and translating from German and other tongues. His ambitions were to be remembered as a poet, and he ranks well to the front in the second rank of American poets. His early models were Byron and Shelley; Tennyson's influence is obvious in some of his work, and Goethe's is still more marked. His Oriental Poems are perhaps his most spontaneous and characteristic work; but some of his Pennsylvanian ballads also show him at his best, tender and simple rather than sonorous and rhetorical as much of his work is. His Faust is the book by which he is best known in England, and is one of the most successful of all the attempts yet made to approach an adequate English rendering of Goethe's masterpiece. His poetic works included Rhymes of Travel (1848); Book of Romances, Lyrics, and Songs (1851); Poems of the Orient (1854); Poems of Home and Travel (1855); The Poet's Journal (1862); Poems (1865); The Masque of the Gods (1872); Lars (1873), a Tennysonian narrative poem; The Prophet, a Tragedy (1874); Home Pastorals (1875); The National Ode, which he was chosen to deliver at the Centennial Exhibition (1876); Prince Deukalion, a lyrical drama (1878), perhaps too directly modelled after Faust; and his exceptionally admirable translation of Faust (1870-71). He also wrote several novels, the best Hannah Thurston (1863) and The Story of Kennett (1866). His Life and Letters were edited by his (second) wife, daughter of an Erfurt astronomer, and Horace E. Scudder. A Bedouin Love-Song. And the midnight hears my cry: I love thee, I love but thee, And weds ye to your juicy youth again Ye keep, close-locked, the memories of her stay, Your silence its confessional; no voice, The ambushed hunter that brings down the deer, Stephen Collins Foster (1826-64), author of many of the most popular American songs, was born in Pittsburgh, and was for some time a merchant's clerk or shop assistant in Cincinnati. He had a natural but untrained gift for writing ditties and composing tunes, found time for systematic musical study, and in 1842 published 'Open thy lattice, love,' which was at once taken up by negro minstrels. The popularity of his next ventures encouraged him to give up business and devote himself to music and song. He lived mostly in New York and Pittsburgh, and in New York he died. He is credited with no less than a hundred and twenty-five pieces, words and airs being alike of his own composition; of these nearly a fourth are negro melodies. Among the best-known are 'The Old Folks at Home,'' Nelly Bly,'' Uncle Ned,' 'Old Dog Tray,' 'Gentle Annie,' 'Old Kentucky Home,' 'Willie, we have missed you,' 'Camptown Races' (which Mr Gladstone used to intone with such powerful effect), ‘Massa's in de cold, cold ground,' 'Poor Old Joe,' and 'Come where my Love lies dreaming.' It may safely be said that no other eleven songs by any one poet or composer are equally familiar in all English-speaking countries. How far the success of the songs depends on the taking tunes it might be hard to say: 'The Old Folks at Home,' otherwise "Way down upon the Swanee River,' is perhaps as acceptable to some when performed on a Some street-piano or barrel-organ as when sung. of the songs are mere doggerel; others are only sentimental jingles; the best of them hardly satisfy the usual poetic standards. But if to secure worldwide popularity and to touch the heart of the people in two continents be proof of poetic power, S. C. Foster has safely passed the test. Musically, 'Come where my Love lies dreaming' is his highest effort. Theodore Winthrop (1828-61) was the representative of a family that had been very distinguished in New England since colonial days, having produced governors of Massachusetts and Connecticut, a Harvard professor of physics, and a senator, orator, and publicist. Born at New Haven, Theodore studied at Yale, travelled in Europe and the Far West, did surveying for the railway across the Isthmus of Panamá, was admitted to the Bar (1855), and had prepared a large mass of mostly unpublished-literary materials, when, having volunteered in the Civil War, he fell in battle at Great Bethel. His novels-for which he had failed to find a publisher-were issued posthumously, and include Cecil Dreeme (1861), a (somewhat crude) romance of New York; John Brent (1861), instinct with the spirit of the Wild West; and Edwin Brothertoft (1862), a story of the Revolution. His tales were somewhat too spasmodic and unconventional in style. The Canoe and Saddle and Life in the Open Air were sketches still later published; and in the eighties his Life and Poems appeared under his sister's supervision. Lewis Wallace, born in 1827 at Brookville, Indiana, served in the Mexican War, gained distinction in the Civil War, and was governor of Utah (1878-81) and minister to Turkey (1881). General Lew Wallace became famous in popular literature by his remarkably successful religious novel Ben Hur (1880); and this was followed by The Fair God, The Prince of India, and The Wooing of Malkatoon, his next best-known stories; as well as by a book on The Boyhood of Christ and a Life of Benjamin Harrison. Richard Henry Stoddard (1825-1903) was born at Hingham in Massachusetts, the son of a ship's-captain who was lost at sea; and the boy, after an education at the public schools in New York, worked in an iron-foundry for some years, meanwhile reading widely in English literature, but especially in poetry. In 1849 he produced a small volume of poems, only to suppress it afterwards; but 1852 saw the birth of a sturdier collection. From 1853 to 1870 he served in the New York custom-house, in 1870-73 was clerk to General McClellan, and for a year city librarian; and he did much reviewing and writing for the booksellers. He wrote Lives of Washington Irving and Shelley; produced A Century After, picturesque glimpses of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania; and edited the 'Bric-à-Brac Series' and the 'Sans Souci Series.' But it is as a poet that he claims special remembrance. His poems include Songs in Summer (1857); The King's Bell; The Book of the East; Abraham Lincoln, a Horatian Ode; and The Lion's Cub and other Verse (1891). Some of his lyrics are bright and tender; his most characteristic work is rather reflective than original and spontaneous. Edmund Clarence Stedman was born in 1833, the son of a merchant at Hartford in Connecticut. He studied at Yale and early took to journalism, was for a time on the staff of the New York Tribune, was war-correspondent of the New York World during the war, held a post under the Attorney-General of the United States, but from 1869 until 1900 was a stockbroker at New York. He contributed actively to the more important magazines, and published his first volume of verse, Poems, Lyric and Idyllic, in 1860. Later poems or collections of verse have been Alice of Monmouth, an Idyl of the Great War; The Blameless Prince; Hawthorne and other Poems; Lyrics and Idyls; and a collected edition of his poems appeared in 1884. His critical work on the Victorian Poets, a handbook to the poetic literature of England for two generations, appeared in 1875, is recognised as a work of standard value, and has gone through many editions. The Poets of America, published in 1886, hardly took the same rank even in America. He wrote on The Nature and Elements of Poetry, and has edited, with or without collaboration, W. S. Landor, Austin Dobson, and Poe, besides A Victorian Anthology and An American Anthology. The Library of American Literature, edited by him in conjunction with Miss E. M. Hutchinson, completed in 1890, fills eleven volumes. Some of his lyrics are very fresh and admirable, and most of his poetic work shows careful and artistic finish. As a critic he is less remarkable for profound insight and discrimination than for breadth and sympathy. Thomas Bailey Aldrich was born in 1836 at Portsmouth in New Hampshire. His father's death prevented his going to Harvard; but while engaged in his uncle's New York banking-house he began to contribute verse to the newspapers, and soon after the publication of The Bells, a Collection of Chimes (1855), adopted literature as a profession. He was associated with N. P. Willis's Home Journal, Every Saturday, and other magazines; and from 1881 to 1890 he was editor of the Atlantic Monthly. Amongst his poems are The Ballad of Babie Bell, Pampinea, Cloth of Gold, Flower and Thorn, Mercedes; a complete collection appeared in 1882. He has written also stories, romances, and sketches, including Daisy's Necklace, The Course of True Love, The Story of a Bad Boy, Marjorie Daw, Prudence Palfrey. He is an accomplished lyrist, and his more ambitious poems are at least graceful and well worded. In some of his stories and sketches he shows himself a brilliant humourist. Francis Richard Stockton (1834-1902), born at Philadelphia, was trained as engraver and journalist, and became assistant-editor of St Nicholas. He attracted notice by his fantastic stories for children, which fill several volumes; but he is best known as author of Rudder Grange (1879), the droll and humorous story of a holiday on a house-boat, with much human nature and a good deal of burlesque. The Lady or the Tiger, a short problem story, made also a great impression. Other humorous or whimsical stories, notably unequal in interest, were The Late Mrs Null, The Casting Away of Mrs Lecks and Mrs Aleshine, and The Dusantes, The Hundredth Man, The Schooner Merry Chanter, The Squirrel Inn, Pomona's Travels, The Shadrach, Captain Chap, The Story Teller's Pack, The Associate Hermits, and A Bicycle of Cathay. To a different category belonged The Buccaneers and Pirates of our Coasts (1898). The Captain's Toll-gate, finished just before his death, was published with a memorial sketch of him by his wife in 1903. Edward Eggleston (1837-1902), born at Vevay, Indiana, became a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, and had held various pastoral and editorial posts when, about 1880, he withdrew from the ministry and devoted himself to literary work. He wrote many popular books on American history, but is best known for his stories of The Hoosier Schoolmaster, The Hoosier Schoolboy, The Mystery of Metropolisville, The Circuit Rider, Roxy, The Graysons, and The Faith Doctor. John Burroughs, born at Roxbury in New York State on the 3rd April 1837, was brought up on a farm, and after some years of teaching, journalism, clerking in the Treasury department at Washington, and of periodic duties as a bankexaminer, settled down in 1874 on a farm in New York, to divide his time between literature and fruit-culture. His books mostly deal with natural history or country life, and include Wake Robin (1871), Birds and Poets, Locusts and Wild Honey, Pepacton, Signs and Seasons, and Riverly, Essays on Birds, Trees, Flowers. Winter Sunshine and Fresh Fields are European travel-sketches; Squirrels and other Fur-bearers is more specifically zoological; and he published in 1866 a study of Whitman. He is in some respects a continuator of Thoreau's work, but writes for the most part in a lighter vein. William Dwight Whitney (1827-94), a younger brother of the geologist Josiah Dwight Whitney, was born at Northampton, Massachusetts; studied at Williams College, at Yale, and in Germany; and was professor at Yale of Sanskrit and of Comparative Philology. He waged war with Max-Müller, and wrote Darwinism and Language, The Life and Growth of Language, and other philological works. He was editor-in-chief of the Century Dictionary. Charles Eliot Norton, born the son of a Unitarian minister at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1827, studied at Harvard, was for a while engaged in commerce, but erelong devoted himself to literature and æsthetics, becoming known as a Dante scholar and an authority on art. From 1875 to 1898 he was Professor of the History of Art at Harvard. His prose translation of Dante is classical; he has written on church building in the Middle Ages and on recent social theories ; but he is perhaps most widely known as an accomplished editor, having edited the letters of Lowell and G. W. Curtis, the correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson, and of Goethe and Carlyle, as well as the standard edition of Carlyle's letters. Silas Weir Mitchell, born in Philadelphia in 1830, studied at the Jefferson Medical College and Edinburgh University, and settling as a practitioner in his native city, became distinguished especially in the treatment of nervous diseases. Besides books on physiology and neurology and serpent poisons, he wrote articles in prose and verse for the magazines; and Hephzibah Guinness and other stories in 1880 gave him rank as a capable novelist. In War Time and Hugh Wynne, Free Quaker, are amongst his best-known works. Five several collections of poems (A Masque and other Poems, The Wager, &c.) have been issued in one volume. John William Draper (1811-82) was born at St Helens near Liverpool, and in 1833 emigrated to Virginia. Having studied physics and chemistry in England and the United States, he taught these two subjects in a Virginian college, but from 1839 was associated with the University of the City of New York, first as Professor of Chemistry, and, after 1850, of Physiology. He wrote handbooks of chemistry, natural philosophy, and physiology, and a series of memoirs on radiant energy; but is chiefly remembered for his History of the American Civil War (3 vols. 1867–70), for his History of the Intellectual Development of Europe (2 vols. 1863), and, most of all, for his History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874), in which his attitude was frankly rationalistic. Andrew Dickson White, born at Homer, New York, in 1832, studied at Yale, Paris, and Berlin, and has been Professor of History in the University of Michigan and President of Cornell, United States Minister to Germany and to Russia, and from 1897 ambassador in Germany. His bestknown book is A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology (1876); but he has written studies in general, mediæval, and modern history, on European schools of history, on comets, on currency questions, and on The New Germany. Horace Howard Furness, the son of a Unitarian minister in Philadelphia, was born in 1833, studied at Harvard, and was admitted to the Bar, but was early attracted to the studies in virtue of which he was to become America's greatest Shakespearian scholar. In 1871 he began his great life-work, the Variorum edition of Shakespeare's works, of which in thirty years he had issued thirteen volumes. Latterly his wife and his son were associated with him in his labours. Phillips Brooks (1835-93), born at Boston, Massachusetts, studied at Harvard and elsewhere, and in his cures at Philadelphia and Boston became known as one of the most eloquent and powerful preachers in America. In 1891 he was made Bishop of Massachusetts in the Protestant Episcopal Church. Several volumes of his sermons and lectures show his independence of judgment and catholicity of spirit. There is a Life of him by A. V. G. Allen (1901). John Hay, born of Scottish ancestry at Salem in Indiana, 8th October 1838, educated at Brown University, and admitted to the Illinois Bar in 1861, was assistant private secretary to President Lincoln till his death, and during the war served for some months, attaining the rank of colonel. In 1865-70 he was secretary of legation at Paris and Madrid, and chargé d'affaires at Vienna (1867–68); in 1870-75 he worked as a journalist on the staff of the New York Tribune; and in 1879-81 he was first Assistant-Secretary of State. Thereafter he was for a time mainly engaged in literary work, till in 1897 he was sent by President McKinley as ambassador to Great Britain, where both as man and as diplomat he won golden opinions. Secretary of State at home from 1898, he showed in a critical time exceptional foresight, strength, and tact. As an author he is known for his command of peculiarly American humour and pathos in pithy, simple verse. His Pike County Ballads (1871) include 'Little Breeches' and 'Jim Bludso;' he has also published Castilian Days (1871), and, with Nicolay, a Life of Lincoln (1891). He is responsible for another volume of poems issued in 1890, and for an address on Sir Walter Scott. The popular anonymous novel The Bread-Winners (1883) was attributed to him, but not acknowledged by him as his. As Edward Payson Roe (1838-88), born in New Windsor, New York, was chaplain in the volunteer service during the war, and afterwards pastor of a Presbyterian church at Highland Falls. The great success of his first novel, Barriers Burned Away (1872), encouraged him to make literature his profession; and his fifteen novels include From Jest to Earnest (1875), Near to Nature's Heart (1876), Nature's Serial Story (1884), and He Fell in Love with his Wife (1886). He also wrote on gardening and fruit culture. Charles Heber Clark, a Philadelphia journalist, born in 1841 in Berlin, Maryland, is better known by his pen-name of 'Max Adeler,' and as author of the somewhat boisterously humorous Out of the Hurly Burly (1874), Elbow-room, Random Shots, and Fortunate Island (1881). |