"He then proceeded to address the meeting,' i.e. he then addressed the meeting.

'He succeeded in persuading (or, he succeeded in his efforts to persuade) Claudius,' i.e. he persuaded Claudius.

The words desire for, hope for, fear of, &c., are often English amplifications which may be omitted in Latin.

Cic. Milo, § 38: Quem salus mea (anxiety for my welfare) convocarat.'

Hor. Ep. II. i. 177: 'Quos tulit ad scenam ventoso gloria curru.'

For the style of Livy, Cicero,' &c., write simply Livius, Cicero, &c. § 108. Answers to Questions. There is no exact equivalent in Latin either for 'yes' or 'no.'

(a) An answer in the affirmative may be expressed by ita, ita est, vero, etiam, sane, &c. More often, however, the Latins expressed 'yes' by repeating the most emphatic word of the question, as,

'Have you seen my brother? Yes.' Fratremne meum vidisti? Vidi. Cf. Liv. i. 38: 'Rex interrogavit, Estisne vos legati oratoresque missi a populo Collatino, ut vos populumque Collatinum dederetis ? Sumus. Estne populus Collatinus in sua potestate? Est. Deditisne vos populumque Collatinum .. in meam populique Romani dici

onem ?

Dedimus.'

(b) A negative answer may be expressed by non, minime vero, or minime quidem; also by repeating the Verb from the question with non,

as,

Have you seen my brother? No.' Fratremne meum vidisti? Non vidi.

§ 109. Any.

(a) Any in the sense of any you please (everybody included) is quivis or quilibet.

Choose anyone out from the middle of the crowd. 'Quemvis media erue turba,' Hor. Sat. I. iv. 26.

(b) Any in the sense of any at all (everybody excluded) is quisquam or ullus. These words are usually preceded by a Negative, as, sine ullo auxilio, without any help: they are also used in Questions having the force of a Negative, as, 'quisquamne istuc negat,' does anyone deny that? Cic. N. D. iii. 28.

Note. Quisquam is generally a Substantive, ullus an Adjective. Quisquam may, however, be used as an Adjective with personal nouns, e.g. civis, poeta, &c., except in the Ablative Case.

(c) Any in the sense of some one or other is aliquis or quispiam.

(d) Any in a question expecting a Negative answer is generally ecquis

or num quis. Does any one think this?' Ecquis (or num quis) hoc putat ?

(e) Any after if or lest is usually quis. If, or lest, any one should do this,' Si, or ne, quis hoc faciat.

(f) Nobody, no one (i.e. not any body, not any one) is nemo; but instead of 'that nobody' in Final Clauses the Latins said 'lest anybody,' nē quis. But in Consecutive Clauses 'that nobody' is ut nemo. In Commands, for 'let nobody' they said 'let not anybody,' ne quis. For ' and no one' they said 'nor any one,' nec quisquam, nec ullus, and in Commands neu quis, neve quis.

§ 110. As. This word may be,

(a) A Conjunction meaning since, whereas, or whilst it is then translated by ut, quum, dum, &c.

Note. As' is often used alone with Nouns in English, the Verb being omitted. The meaning in such cases varies, and no strict rule can be given.

'As commander-in-chief he had power either to slay or to spare,' Imperator cum esset vel interficere vel parcere potuit.

'He implored him as an old friend not to do it,' Pro vetere amicitia rogavit eum ne id faceret.

'I warn you as your brother not to be angry with Caius,' Te frater tuus moneo ne Caio succenseas.

'I look upon you as my enemy,' Te inimicorum in numero habeo.

'I looked upon this as proved,' Hoc pro explorato habui.

(b) 'As' may be a Relative Adverb meaning in what manner, e. g. 'He is not so good as you' (Lat. quam), or a Demonstrative Adverb meaning 'in such manner,' e. g. 'he is not as good as you' (Lat. tam).

Note 1. The following correlatives, some Adverbial, some Adjectival, may be noticed:

Note 2. The Relative Adjective or Adverb sometimes stands alone, its correlative being omitted from the Principal Clause. Thus, quantus is used for tantus quantus, and is translated 'as great as,' qualis, for talis qualis, 'such as,' &c.

Note 3. When as,' preceded by 'so' or 'such,' is followed by an Infinitive, the usual Latin is ut with Subjunctive (see § 11). Qui with Subjunctive may also be used in certain cases.

He is not such a man as to do it. Non est is qui hoc faciat.

(c) 'As' after such' may be a Relative Pronoun.

Such as remained in the city he rewarded. Eos qui in urbe manebant praemiis affecit.

(d) Phrases. As far as you are concerned, Quod ad te attinet. As far as I know, Quod sciam. He raises as great forces as possible, Quam maximas potest copias comparat, or, Copias quam maximas comparat.

§ 111. Barbarism. One of the commonest mistakes to which beginners are liable is 'barbarism,' i. e. the use of an unclassical Latin word, as protestari for protest,' or the use of a classical Latin word in a meaning which it did not bear in the Augustan age, as, intentio for 'intention.' This mistake is most liable to occur where the English word is derived from a Latin one, and it will be well, in the case of nearly all such words, to avoid using the Latin original, which in about five instances out of six is pretty sure to be wrong. Thus,

A 'community' is civitas; not communitas, which means 'fellowship,'intercourse.'

To conspire' (in a bad sense) is conjurare. Conspirare means 'to agree together' (in a good sense) in Cicero, and is post-Augustan in the sense of 'to conspire.'

'Crime' is scelus, rather than crimen, which generally means 'an accusation.'

To 'cure' is sanare. Curare means 'to take care of,' 'tend.' An 'event' is res; not eventus, which ' result,' 'issue.' 'Fierce' is saevus. Ferox means 'high spirited,' 'brave,' and is seldom used in a bad sense. Ferocity is saevitia rather than ferocia. 'Genius' is ingenium; not genius, which means 'a tutelar deity.' 'Honesty' is probitas; not honestas, which 'honour,' 'honourable character.'

=

'To intend' is in animo habere. Intendere, or animum intendere ad, means to turn one's attention to a thing.'

Intention' is consilium. Intentio means 'effort.'

'Modest' and 'modesty' are pudicus, pudor. Modestus means 'moderate,'' sober;' modestia, 'moderation,' 'sobriety.'

'Nation' is civitas, populus, respublica, or cives; but not natio, which only means a 'race' or 'tribe.'

An office' is magistratus. Officium means 'moral duty.'

6

An opportunity' is occasio. Opportunitas generally means 'fitness' or 'convenience.'

To obtain' is adipisci, consequi, &c., rather than obtinere, which generally means 'to hold fast,' ' retain.'

For 'petition' use preces, rather than petitio, which means candidature for office.'

To receive' is accipere, rather than recipere, which usually means 'to regain,' 'recover.'

For 'secure' write tutus; not securus, which means 'free from care.' To 'transgress' is leges violare. Transgredi only means 'to go

across.'

The above are only a few of the many instances that might be given. Those who desire a more complete list are referred to 'Latin Exercises on Barbarism for Junior Students,' by R. M. Millington, M.A. (Longmans and Co.), in which some two hundred or more examples are quoted.

§ 112. Both, as an Adjective, meaning 'the two together,' is ambo; if it means 'each' it is uterque. Speaking of Augustus and Tiberius we might say 'both were Roman Emperors,' uterque Imperator Romanus erat; but both consuls were in the senate,' ambo consules in senatu erant.

Note. Be careful to use the Plural of uterque when the reference is to two sets or multitudes of things.

Manlius cum Gallo manus conserit; uterque acriter dimicat: but, Aequi cum Romanis praelio contendunt; utrique acriter dimicant. Both may also be a Conjunction, correlative to 'and;' it must then be translated by et.

§ 113. But.

(a) But, as a Conjunction, is sed, autem, verum, tamen, &c. See also § 99.

Note. But in the sense of 'nevertheless,' though there is this to be said,' is sometimes quanquam or etsi.

Cic. Milo, § 6: 'Quanquam in hac causa, judices, T. Annii tribunatu, rebus omnibus . . . . non abutemur.'

Cic. Milo, § 58: Etsi id quidem non tanti est, quam quod ... mentem oculosque satiavit.'

'But perhaps' in an ironical sense is sometimes 'nisi vero.'

Cic. Milo, § 81: Nisi vero gratius putat esse,' &c.

(b) But meaning only, is tantum, modo, or solum.

He lived but twenty years. Viginti tantum annos vixit.

(c) But meaning except, is praeter or nisi. Phrases like ‘But for you

I should have died,' are Si tu non fuisses, mortuus essem, or, per te stetit quominus morerer; He was all but killed, Haud multum abfuit quin occideretur.

Note. The phrase 'to do nothing but' is rendered by nihil aliud quam with Finite Verb, the Latin for 'do' being omitted. He did nothing but laugh, Nihil aliud quam risit.

Livy ii. 63: Et hostes quidem, nihil aliud quam perfusis vano timore Romanis, citato agmine abeunt.'

(d) But, as a Relative and Negative, meaning who not, after Negative Clauses, is quin, or qui (quae, quod) non.

'There was no one but wept,' Nemo erat quin (or qui non) fleret. Sometimes but means how not, or, in what manner not.' The Latin is still quin.

'It cannot but be that Caius will come,' Fieri non potest quin Caius veniat.

§ 114. Different from is expressed usually by alius, contra, or aliter, followed by atque, ac, or quam.

'Your views are different from mine,' Aliter tu sentis atque ego.

But if the Gerund in -ing follows, we must use alius, or aliter, twice. Livy i. 12: Longe esse aliud virgines rapere aliud pugnare cum viris,' That carrying off maidens was very different from fighting with

men.

§ 115. Each, meaning each of two, is uterque; meaning each of any number above two, it is quisque.

Note 1. Be careful to use the Plural of uterque when the reference is to two sets or multitudes of things. See § 112, note.

Note 2. When suus goes with quisque, it always immediately precedes it. In suam quisque patriam redierunt, they returned each to his own country. Quisque is here Nominative to rediit, understood.

§ 116. Each other, One another. There is no Reciprocal Pronoun in Latin. Its place is supplied,

(a) By inter with Personal Pronoun. 'We converse with one another,' Colloquimur inter nos. 'The boys converse with each other,' Pueri inter se colloquuntur.

(b) By alius ali -um, -i, &c. They relieved each other in succession,' Alii alios deinceps excipiebant, Caes. B. G. v. 16.

(c) By alter alter -um, -i, &c., if the reference is to two people only. The brother and sister love, envy, &c., each other,' Frater sororque alter alterum amat, alter alteri invidet, &c.

Cf. Cic. de Am. § 82: Quum homines benevolentia conjuncti... aequitate justitiaque gaudebunt, omniaque alter pro altero suscipiet,