Caes. B. G. iii. 1: 'Galba secundis aliquot praeliis factis, castellisque compluribus eorum expugnatis, missis ad eum undique legatis, obsidibusque datis et pace facta, constituit,' &c.

Caes. B. G. vii. 2: Tum collaudatis Carnutibus, dato jurejurando,' &c.

Caes. B. G. vii. 82: Multis undique vulneribus acceptis, nulla munitione perrupta,' &c.

In all the above examples the Ablatives Absolute are written strictly in the order of time in which the events occurred of which they are descriptive.

EXERCISE 32.

Next day the general brought up his artillery and arranged the siege-works which he had determined to construct. A violent shower-of-rain then came on, and observing that the sentinels were somewhat carelessly posted on the enemy's wall, he thought this no bad time for executing his project. Accordingly, he ordered his men to occupy themselves less actively1 in the siege-works, and proceeded to disclose to them his plan of action. Then stationing the battalions in a secret position between his camp and the works, he gave the signal for assault, having previously encouraged his men to reap at length a harvest of victory proportioned to their great toils, and having promised rewards to those who first mounted the walls. The soldiers immediately rushed forth from all quarters and speedily filled the wall. The enemy, alarmed. at the suddenness of the attack, were dislodged from their fortifications and towers, and drew up in form of a wedge in the market-place and open streets, intending, if an attack should be made on them from any side, to fight with line drawn up to receive it.

1 Say, rather lazily, languidius.

XXXIII.

Grammatical and Rhetorical Figures.

§ 94. Figures. Many devices are adopted by Latin writers for securing diversity, impressiveness, or liveliness of expression. Some of these will be described in the following paragraphs.

§ 95. Asyndeton (à, σúvderov, without Conjunction) is an omission of Conjunctions, as, veni, vidi, vici. Only the Conjunctions corresponding to the English and and but are usually so omitted.

Where Asyndeton occurs in the case of two Verbs or other words, it is usually the Adversative Conjunction (our 'but' or 'whereas') that is omitted.

Laudatur ab his, culpatur (but blamed) ab illis.

Livy iii. 9: Dilata in speciem actione, re vera (but in reality) sublata.'

Cic. Milo, § 92: 'Timidos et supplices et ut vivere liceat obsecrantes odisse solemus, fortes et animosos. servare cupimus' (whereas we wish).

Where Asyndeton occurs in the case of more than two Verbs or other words, the Conjunctions omitted between them are generally Connective (our 'and').

Sol, luna, stellae. Sun, moon, and stars.

It has been already remarked (§ 20) that the omission of the Coordinate Conjunction is common not only between single words but also between whole Clauses. It will be well for the student who has just been busied with the stately and dignified yet sometimes rather ponderous Latin Period to study some examples of a totally different style--short, sharp, and at its worst inclined to be 'jerky'—yet very effective, nevertheless, if used in its proper place and at its proper time.

Caes. B. G. vii. 1: Queruntur de Acconis morte; posse hunc casum ad ipsos recidere demonstrant; miserantur communem Galliae fortunam; omnibus pollicitationibus ac praemiis deposcunt, qui belli initium faciant.'

Caes. B. G. vii. 6: Eo cum venisset, timentes confirmat, prae

We are accustomed to loathe the craven-hearted and suppliant, but the brave and spirited we wish to see live. Timidos et supplices .... odisse solemus, fortes et animosos servari cupimus. Cic. Mil. § 92.

Will ye retain the memorials of this man's soul, but suffer no sepulchre for his body to exist in Italy? Hujus vos animi monumenta retinebitis, corporis in Italia nullum sepulchrum esse patiemini? Cic. Mil. § 104.

Note. To express 'but not' Cicero not only places the opposed words antithetically, omitting the Conjunction, but combines with the Negative Particle (non) one or more words from the preceding Clause. The following examples are from the 'de Amicitia :'

§ 19: 'Ex propinquitate benevolentia tolli potest, ex amicitia non potest' (but not from friendship).

§ 55: Quid autem stultius quam . . . cetera parare quae parantur pecunia . . . . amicos non parare?' (but not friends).

....

§ 62: (Scipio) querebatur. capras et oves quot quisque haberet dicere posse, amicos quot haberet non posse dicere' (but not how many friends).

§ 73: Ut Scipio P. Rupilium potuit consulem efficere, fratrem ejus Lucium non potuit' (but not his brother Lucius).

(b) A series of English words, phrases, or clauses, having an 'and' prefixed to the last of them, may be translated into Latin by inserting et between each or by leaving out et altogether, as has already been explained above (§ 20).

But instead of et we may insert between each some other word, usually a short word, as qui, de, si, &c.

They fought for their country, their altars, and their hearths. Pro patria, pro aris, pro focis pugnabant.

(c) A series of English words, phrases, or clauses, having 'or' prefixed to the last or inserted between each, may be translated by inserting vel or aut between each.

But, again, instead of vel or aut we may insert between each some other word, usually a short word.

Who fears the Gauls, the Belgae, or the Germans? Quis Gallos, quis Belgas, quis Germanos timet?

EXERCISE 33.

It was then, then I say, that I perceived and long previously forecast the storm that1 was being raised and the tempest that was threatening our country. I began to see that such gross wickedness and monstrous audacity on the part of a frenzied young fellow of noble birth could not be restrained within peaceful bounds, but that if it were allowed to remain unpunished the evil would one day burst forth to the ruin of our country. It is true there has not happened much since to add to my detestation of the man. For nothing he has done against me has been done through hatred of me, but through hatred of rigorous dealing of dignity and of the common weal. It is not myself he has insulted so much as 5 the Senate, the Roman knights, the entire body of the nobility, and the whole of Italy. In short, his conduct has not been more impious against me than against the immortal gods themselves. For he has outraged them by a crime which no man ever committed before, whereas towards me he has merely cherished the same feelings as his friend Catiline would also have cherished if he had defeated me. And therefore I never thought it necessary to prosecute him any more than that blockhead whose very nationality we should be ignorant of, if he did not of his own accord avow himself a Ligurian.

1 § 72, b.

2

§ 73.

3

§ 72, a, 2.

4

§ 41, B, 2, Note. 5 Not so much as' is generally 'non magis quam' in Latin.

6 § 68, c.

H