tents, he there traced the outline and ground-plot of a city; and he constructed gates in a conspicuous place; which still at this day are seen at sea by those who sail along the coast. While he was employed on this undertaking, God appeared to him. by night, and warned him to go in quest of another place'," conducted him to Byzantium, and admonished him to erect his city there and to call it by his own name. IV. Zosimus, who lived under Theodosius the younger, relates, that, when the Emperor came to the Troas, and to that old place Ilium, a site being found fit for building a city, he laid the foundations, and carried some part of the wall on high; which, he says, is still to be seen in sailing toward the Hellespont; but, because he grew dissatisfied with the work which he had be-gun, he removed, leaving it imperfect, as it was, to Byzantium." According to Zonaras, the undertaking was recommended by an Oracle, and the promontory Sigéum was one of the places selected for the purpose, and there he was said to have laid the foundations of his new city. V. It may be doubted whether Sozomenus, the historian first: quoted, knew where the Greeks did encamp, or was acquainted with the Hellespont or the barrow of Ajax, or the plain beforeIlium. Zosimus, who relates the tale after him with some variation, and Zonaras, are not to be depended on. Both were ignorant, Zonaras grossly so. Some later writers have recorded the L. ii. cited and translated by Mr. Dalzell. Note on M. Chevalier, p. 49. same same transaction without increasing its probability; and I give equal credit to the story of the commenced foundation and of the heavenly vision, which prevented its progress. No sagacity was then requisite to foresee or foretell of a city about to be placed on the bay before Ilium, that it must soon be destitute of a port; and the emperor would have been as foolish in chusing such a site, as blind in neglecting the superior advantages of that of Byzantium, It was believed by the people of Constantinople that he caused the Palladium to be transported from Rome, and buried it in the market-place of that city. CHAPTER XXXIV. THE EMPEROR JULIAN. 1. Of the Troia and Chersonesus.-II. Privileges of the Ilicans. -III. Of Minerva of Ilium. 1. AMMIANUS Marcellinus, an author contemporary with Julian, makes mention of Ilium, "famous for the fall of heroes;" of the tombs of Achilles and Ajax; of the towns Dardanus and Abydos; of Sestos on the opposite side of the Hellespont, and of Cynossema, "where Hecuba is believed to be buried;" of Troas; and of the temple of Apollo Smintheus. • Ilium heroicis casibus olarum, p. 307. X 2 The The Ilicans, if, under Julian, they had ceased to solicit or to obtain new favours from the Romans, were still distinguished by the enjoyment of those already conferred on them, some of which were uncommon in quality or extent. In the Digests, or Books of Civil Law, which were compiled by this emperor, Callistratus is cited as saying, "To the Iliensians, both on account of the famous nobility of the people and of their connection with the origin of the Romans, now of old time, both by decrees of the Senate and by constitutions of the Emperors, is granted the most ample immunity, so that they may claim exemption even from wardship, to wit, of those orphans, who are not Iliensians; and that by a rescript of the god Pius," meaning Antoninus. "To the Iliensians, says another famous lawyer, Ulpian, who was minister of Alexander Severus, it is granted, that he who is born of an Iliensian mother may be a denison ;" an expedient, it should seem, devised to continue the race of townsmen and Trojans. The same privilege had been, accorded and was preserved, probably for the like purpose, to the people of Delphi Julian opened again the heathen temples which Constantine, when he declared Christianity to be the religion of the empire, had commanded to be shut. Whether Minerva of Ilium had been removed or deprived of her honours, we are not told; but Ulpian is cited in the Digests as saying, she has been capable of inheriting, or a legacy might be left to her." Digest. ad Municip. in lege 17, Tit. i. p. 284, and Strabo, Comment. p. 224. 2 Digest. 1. 50, Tit. 1. p. 1707. CHAPTER CHAPTER XXXV. I. Of the progress of Christianity.-II. The condition of the country.—III. The Chersonesus fortified and Choirodocastron erected by Justinian.—IV. Approaching change in the Tröia. I. THE attachment of the Iliéans to their favourite goddess Minerva had begun in the most remote antiquity, and was rooted and confirmed by long usage and the experience of her supposed patronage and protection for many succeeding ages. Moreover, their general practice of idolatry, which is noticed, particularly their worship of Hector and Helen, by some early Christian writers', was inveterate. It was easier to regulate public worship than to controul private devotion. Imperial edicts might abolish the open homage which the Iliéans had been accustomed to pay to the greater deities, as well as to Scamander, Hector, the Grecian heroes, and the like, of inferior rank, without removing the prejudices of individuals. Paganism was no where eradicated, but by degrees; and it is uncertain how long a concealed respect and regard for objects of popular veneration, sanctified by antiquity and tradition, continued either in the Troia or Chersonesus; but on the complete establishment of Christianity in the Roman em-pire we find Ilium the See of a bishop, which was probably en Clemens Romanus. Athenagoras, dowed dowed with the possessions of Minerva'; whose temple, if not then a ruin, was converted, it is likely, into his cathedral. Sigéum, which seems to have recovered in some degree its consequence, was raised to the same dignity; and both churches were under the Metropolitan of Cyzicus. Troas had also a bishop. In the Chersonesus, a Metropolitan had his seat at Madytos'. II. History, after the abolition of heathenism, is long silent concerning the Troia and Chersonesus. Several of their cities, become inconsiderable before, were abandoned, died, or lingered on in gradual decay, and with their end visibly approaching. Ilium and Dardanus are among the places, which, having attained to a good or rather an extraordinary old age, perished. Of Rhætéum or of Eantéum I have met with no mention in any antient author, if we except Sozomenus, after Constantine the Great; in whose time the port of Eantéum was become the principal, if not sole, receptacle of shipping, on the coast beneath Ilium. Alexandréa is noticed as a deserted place, by the epitomizer of Strabo; it is supposed between the years nine hundred seventy-six and nine hundred ninety six. 2 III. A new wall, with a fosse, was made across the isthmus of the Chersonesus by the Emperor Justinian; and, besides other precautions, which were rendered necessary by the repeated incursions and ravages of the Goths, the Huns, and Bulgarians, he erected strong castles near Elcûs and Sestos'. One of these for D'Anville Acad. Insc. t. 28, p. 339. * See M. Chevalier, p. 37. Note by Mr. Dalzelf. Procopius, p. 36. tresses, |