Population. As compared with the other provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia stands second in respect to density of population, the average number of persons to the square mile being about twenty-one. The total population of the province at the last census was 450,500, and as but few immigrants have established themselves in Nova Scotia for many years, by far the larger part of the people is native born. Arranged in order of importance with respect to nationality of origin, the greater part of the population is nearly equally divided between Scots and English, the Scots, however, somewhat preponderating. After these come Irish, Germans, and French, with small numbers from many other countries. The settlement of a large contingent of United Empire Loyalists in the province subsequent to the revolutionary war has already been referred to (p. 44). The French element of the population represents, for the most part, the descendants of the old Acadian colonists, most of whom were expelled by the British Government in 1755 because of their irreconcilable hostility. These people have been made the subject of Longfellow's poem "Evangeline." About the same time a large colony of Germans was established at Lunenburg, and in the county of this name, to the west of Halifax, most of the people of German origin are still centred.

For purposes of representation and government, Nova Scotia is divided into eighteen counties, forming two tiers, one facing to the Atlantic and the other to the northern coast. With the exception of this general difference, the lines between the several counties seldom coincide with natural features, but are arbitrarily drawn.

Towns. HALIFAX (pop. 38,500) is the seat of the provincial Government, and the only city in Nova Scotia (Fig. 6). Known in early days by its Indian name Chebucto, this city was founded by the British Government, and received its present name in honour of Earl Halifax in 1749. It possesses a magnificent harbour, which is strongly fortified, and is the summer rendezvous and coaling-station of the North American squadron of the British fleet. It is the only place in Canada at which a permanent garrison is at

present maintained by the Imperial Government, and is now a maritime and commercial city. While the trade of other parts of the province is largely carried on from local ports, Halifax absorbs a considerable share of the whole, and is also the chief winter port on the eastern seaboard of Canada. The harbour is accessible at all seasons of the year, and from its position on the main route of steamships between Europe and America—about 600 miles nearer to Liverpool than New York-is important as a place of call or port of refuge. Some manufacturing industries are also situated here. DARTMOUTH (pop. 6500) lies opposite Halifax, and is separated from it only by the width of the harbour. LIVERPOOL (pop. 2400), on the Atlantic coast, half-way from Halifax to the south-western extremity of the peninsula, is an important point in connection with. the timber trade. YARMOUTH (pop. 6000), situated at the south-western extreme of Nova Scotia, though surrounded by a comparatively barren country, flourishes by reason of its seafaring industries, and is said to be the most maritime place of its size in the world. DIGBY, situated on Annapolis basin. ANNAPOLIS (pop. 950) was founded by the French as Port Royal in 1605, and thus the oldest town in America to the north of Florida, received its present name on its conquest by the English. It is situated on Annapolis basin at the mouth of the river of the same name, and though now a quiet rural town has often been the scene of conflict between the English and French. It is the centre of the trade in fruit. WINDSOR (pop. 2800), at the mouth of a small river named the Avon, on Minas basin, is an agricultural centre. Loyalists coming here after the American revolutionary war replaced the French Acadians. TRURO (pop. 5100) is beautifully situated near the head of Cobequid Bay, at the extremity of the south-east arm of the Bay of Fundy. It is surrounded by fertile lands, and is the seat of some manufactures and a railway centre. AMHERST (pop. 3800), situated near the head of Cumberland basin, the north-eastern extremity of the Bay of Fundy, near the dividing line between the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, is surrounded by a rich farming country, with widespread

marsh lands. PICTOU (pop. 3000) also possesses an excellent harbour, which opens to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but unlike most of the harbours of the Atlantic coast it freezes over for a portion of each winter. The shipping points of the collieries of the Pictou coal-field are situated on the same harbour. NEW GLASGOW (pop. 3800) is one of these, and possesses besides some manufactories. The population of the adjacent part of the province is largely Scottish in origin, and farming is extensively prosecuted. ANTIGONISH, with a rather shallow harbour opening on St. George Bay, depends chiefly on the agricultural resources of the adjacent country, and is largely peopled by the descendants of Scots Highlanders. SYDNEY (pop. 2400) and NORTH SYDNEY (pop. 2500), both places on Sydney harbour, depend chiefly on coal mining for their prosperity, being the shipping points for the principal coal mines in Cape Breton. The harbour is excellent, and the place was selected as the capital of Cape Breton (at first politically separated from Nova Scotia) after the capture and destruction of the French fortress of Louisbourg.

NEW BRUNSWICK

Size. This province has an area of 27,490 square miles, being thus considerably larger than Nova Scotia, and nearly as large as Scotland. Its form is that of an irregular quadrilateral, measuring about 200 miles from south to north by 160 miles from east to west. At its southeastern angle it connects with Nova Scotia by the narrow Chignecto isthmus, the rest of its southern side being washed by the Bay of Fundy. Its eastern side borders on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, while to the north it joins the Province of Quebec, and is bordered on the west by the State of Maine.

Surface. The general features of the surface of New Brunswick resemble those of Nova Scotia, but are drawn upon a somewhat larger scale and with greater uniformity. The highlands and lowlands depend very closely upon the character of the underlying rocks, but this influence has not so obviously affected the courses of the rivers and

direction of the drainage. The surface consists chiefly of rolling plains and hills, and though it occasionally becomes mountainous no true mountain range exists. In order to form a clear idea of the two ruling systems of elevations, these may be compared to the two arms of a letter V, of which the apex lies at the south-western corner of the province. From that point a narrow belt of broken, hilly, and rather barren country, consisting often of several parallel ridges, with heights of 500 to 1000 feet, extends along the north shore of the Bay of Fundy nearly to its head, but not as far as the coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The other and wider arm runs in a north-easterly direction from the apex to the southern shore of the Bay Chaleur. This includes the highest and most mountainous land in the province, with points such as Bald Mountain, Mount Teneriffe, and others having altitudes of from 2000 to 2700 feet. It also supplies the sources of several of the larger rivers, and it is characterised, like the southern hilly belt, by crystalline rocks and old hard Cambrian and Lower Silurian strata, much disturbed and folded. Between the two arms of the V lies a wide flat country, based on rocks of Carboniferous age, chiefly sandstones. This plain seldom attains a height of more than a few hundred feet above the sea, and slopes gradually to a low shore along the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where it spreads round the eastern end of the southern arm of the V connecting with similar low land in the northern part of Nova Scotia. To the north of the northern arm of the V, and parallel to it in direction, is a belt of undulating plateau country, with a height varying from 800 to 1200 feet. This is based upon Silurian rocks, and extends in width to the northern line of the province, beyond which it is bounded by much higher mountainous country running parallel to the St. Lawrence and forming the principal continuation of the Appalachian highlands, included in the Province of Quebec.

A large proportion, probably amounting to two-thirds of the entire area of New Brunswick, is adapted for agricultural occupation. The whole surface of the country was originally wooded, but up to the present time not much more than one-tenth of the cultivable land is cleared and