The University of Cambridge: From the earliest times to the royal injunctions of 1535

issued by pope Martin v, 288; real

character of, 290 and n. 2
Basel, council of, new theory of papal

power established by the, 281
Basing, John, assists Grosseteste in

translating the Testaments of the
Twelve Patriarchs, 110; the disco.

verer of the manuscript atAthens,ib.
Bartolus, a writer on jurisprudence

attacked by Valla, 419
Bateman, Wm., bp. of Norwich and

founder of Trinity Hall, 240; his
character, 241; his funeral at
Avignon, ib. n. 1; his design in
the foundation of Trin. Hall, 242;
account of library presented by, to
Trin. Hall, 243; assistance given
by, to Gonville Hall, 244; alters

the name of the Hall, 245
Bayeux, Collége de, in Paris, a

foundation of the fourteenth cen-
tury, 128; designed for the study

of medicine and of the civil law, ib.
Beaufort, cardinal, bequeathed £1000

to King's College, 310; his attain.
ments as a canonist, ib.; his Ul.

tramontanism, ib. n. 1
Bec, monastery at, catalogue of its

library, 101; lands taken from to
found King's College, 305; lands
of, purchased by William of Wyke-

ham, ib. n. 3
Becon, Tho., his testimony to the

value of Stafford's lectures, 567
Bede, the Venerable, his writings the

text-books of subsequent ages, 9;
a reputed doctor of divinity of the
university of Cambridge, 66; state
of learning in England subsequent

to the time of, 81
Bedell, special, attendant on the

master of glomery, 226, n. 1
Bedells, originally attended the

schools of different faculties, 144
Bedford Level, the, 330
Begging, a common practice with

students in the middle ages, 347;
restrictions imposed on the prac-
tice by the university authorities,

348
Benedictine era, the, 2
Benedict, St., monastery of, on Monte

Cassino, 5
Benedictines, the, culture of, 3;

schools of, 13; destruction of the
monasteries of in the tenth cen.
tury, 81; rapid extension of the
order of, under Cnut and Edward
the Confessor, 82; different prin-
cipal foundations of, ib.; growing
laxity of discipline among, 85;

motives to which the formation
of new branches of the order is
attributable, ib. and n. 3; degene-

racy of the whole order, 86
Benet College, Corpus Christi Col.

lege formerly so called, 249, n. 4
Benet's St., bells of, used in the

13th century to convene university

meetings, 299, n. 3
Berengar, view of, respecting the

Lord's Supper, 46; his controversy
with Lanfranc, 47; his mental
characteristics compared with
those of Lanfranc, 48; his sub-

mission to the Lateran Council, ib.
Bernard, St., of Chartres, character

of the school over which he pre-

sided, 57
Bernard, St., of Clairvaux, com-

plains of excessive devotion of the
clergy to the civil law, 39; alarm

of at the progress of enquiry, 58
Bessarion, cardinal, 403; his patrio.

tic zeal, ib.; his efforts to bring
about a union of the two churches,
ib.; his conversion to the western
Church, 404; his example produce

tive of little result, ib.
Beverley, town of, Fisher born at, 423
Bible, the, lecturers not allowed to

lecture on, until they had lectured

on the Sentences, 363, n. 2
Biblici ordinarii and cursores, 363
Bidellus, an officer in the university

of Bologna, 73
Bilney, Thos., testimony of to the

influence of Erasmus's Greek Test.,
556 ; his eccentric character, 560;
his account of his spiritual ex-
periences, ib.; his character, by
Latimer, 562; converts of, ib.;
his influence as a Norfolk man,
563; summoned before the chapter
at Westminster, 605; recants a
second time, 607; penance of, at
Paul's Cross, ib.; returns to Cam.

bridge, 608
Bishops, list of, in 1500, who had

been educated at Cambridge, 425
Blackstone, Sir R., inaccuracy of his

account of the early study of the

civil law, 209
Boethius, & text-book during the

Middle Ages, 21; the allegory in
the De Consolatione of, probably
in imitation of Martianus, 27; his
services to learning, ib.; his trea.
tise compared with that of Mar.
tianus, ib.; not a Christian, 28;
commentaries of, on the Topica of
Cicero used by Gerbert at Rheims,

44; the same as Manlius, ib, note bury, 100, n. 1; his criticism on
1; his commentary on the trans- early statute relating to hostels
lation of Porphyry by Victorinus, quoted, 220 n. 1
61; bis translation of Porphyry, Bradwardine, Thomas, his De Causa
ib. ; change in his philosophic Dei, 198; the treatise a source of
opinions, ib.; importance attached Calvinistic doctrine in the English
by, to the question respecting uni- Church, ib.; its eccentric method,
versals, ib.; difference in his views 199; the work criticised by Sir
with respect to universals as ex- Henry Savile, 199, n. 1; referred
pressed in his two commentaries, to by Chaucer, ib.; edited by Savile,
53; his conclusions with respect to ib.; its extensive erudition, 200;
the question adverted to by Por- had access to Richard of Bury's
phyry, ib.; does not attempt to library, ib.; chaplain to the same,
decide between Plato and Aristotle, 203; apocryphal authors cited by,
ib.; reason, according to Cousin, ib. n. 1; compared with Occam,
why he adopted the Aristotelian 205, n. 1; styled by Lechler a pre.
theory, ib.; translations of Aris. nuntius Reformationis, ib.
totle by, how distinguished from Bresch, Jean, Essay on the Sentences
those of a later period, 93; passed by, 60, n. 2
for a Christian writer in the Mid. Brewer, professor, observations of,
dle Ages, 96; the philosopher and

the Latinity of mediæval
the theologian confounded in cata. writers, 171, n. 1; criticism of, on
logue of library at Christchurch, Erasmus's New Testament, 509
104; Chancer's translation of the Bromyard, John, his Summa Prædi.
De Consolatione of, the commence- cantium, 293 ; & Dominican, ib.;

ment of the university library, 323 character of his work, 294; con-
Bologna, university of, the chief trasted with Pecock, ib.

school of civil law in Europe in Bruni, Leonardo, his services to the
the twelfth century, 71; official study of Aristotle, 398; his transla-
recognition of, by the emperor tions of the Ethics and the Poli-
Frederic 1, 72; provisions contain- tics, ib. ; his dedication of the
ed in charter of, ib.; constitution latter to the duke of Gloucester, 399
of, 73 ; compared with university Brucker, unsatisfactory decision of,
of Paris, 75; numbers at, in the with respect to the Latin transla-
thirteenth century, 130; professors tions of Aristotle, 92; condemna-
of civil law at, dressed as laymen, tion of the scholastic Aristotle by,123
210; first received a faculty of Bruliferius, the university forbidden
theology, 215

to study, 630
Bonaventura, commentary of, on the Bryan, John, fell, of King's, a pupil

Sentences, 62; a native of Tus- of Erasmus at Cambridge, 499;
cany, 113; character of the genius rejected the scholastic Aristotle,
of, 118; indifferent to Aristotle, ib.; takes the Greek text of Aris.
ib. n. 1

totle as the basis of his lectures,
Boniface viii, pope, defied by William 517; not an eminent Grecian, 520

of Occam, 187; rapacity of alienates Buckenham, prior of the Dominicans,
the English Franciscans, 194

sermon by, in reply to Latimer, 610
Booksellers, at Cambridge, required Buckmaster, Dr, fell. of Peterhouse,

to suppress heretical books, 500, n. letter of to Dr Edmunds on the
2; generally foreigners, ib.; licence feeling of the university in con.
of 1534 for, 626

nexion with the divorce, 621
Booth, Lawrence, chanc., raises the Buhle, theory of, that the mediæval

funds for building arts schools and knowledge of Aristotle was derived
civil law schools, 360

from Arabic translations, 93
Bouquet, Dom, describes the bene- Bullock, Henry, fell. of Queens', &

fits of the system introduced by pupil and correspondent of Eras.
Charlemagne, 14

mus, 498; patronised by Wolsey, ib.;
Bourgogne, foundation of the Collége letter of to Erasmus, 512; oration
de, 129

of, on Wolsey's visit to Cambridge,
Bradshaw, Mr. H., his opinion with 546; grossness of his flattery, ib.;

respect to date of the catalogue of presides at the burning of Luther's
library at Christchurch, Canter. works at Cambridge, 571

Burbank, Wm., secretary to Wolsey,

545
Buridanus, his Quæstiones a good

illustration of the common mode

of lecturing, 359
Burley, Walter, defends the realistic

doctrines at Oxford, 197; his E.c-
positio super Artem Veterem, ib.;
his statement that the site of Ox-
ford was selected by philosophers
from Greece on account of its
healthiness, 339 and n. 2; his Logic

forbidden at Cambridge, 630
Bury, Richard of, tntor to Edward

111 when prince of Wales, 200; his
important services to his pupil, ib.;
his subsequent career, 201; not a
man of profound acquirements,
ib.; his interview with Petrarch at
Avignon, ib.; he disappoints the
poet, 202; his knowledge of Greek,
ib.; his real merits, ib.; his mania
for books, ib. n. 2; his wisdom in
book colleoting, 203; fate of his
library, ib.; his rules for the ma-
nagement of Durham College li.
brary, ib.; the rules almost iden.
tical with those of the Sorbonne,
204, n. 1; slight distinction be-
tween the two, ib.; his Philobiblon,
ib. n. 2; his account of the stu-
dents of his day, 206; on the de-
generacy of the Mendicants, ib.;
his declaration respecting the civi-
lians, 211; his indifference to the
canon law, ib.; his opinion of the
university of Paris in his day,
214; his testimony to the lethargy

that there prevailed, ib.
Bury St. Edmund's, contest at, be-

tween the monks and the Francis-

cans, 119
Busleiden, Jerome, founder of the

collegium trilingue at Louvain,

565; his family and character, ib.
Byzantine logic, the, influence of,

175; its presence in Duns Scotus,
180; important results that fol-
lowed upon the introduction of,
184; important results of, with
respect to nominalism, 188; in-
strumental in introducing the
theory of the Suppositio, ib.; its
rapid spread in the 15th century,416

of, 20; considers portion to have

been written by Hirtius, ib.
Caim's Castles, the residences of the

Mendicants, so called by Wyclif,

270
Caius Auberinus, a lecturer on Te.

rence at the university towards the

close of the 15th century, 434
Cam, the river, 329; route described

in its course, ib.; its present point
of junction with the Ouse, ib.;
meaning of name, ib. n. 1; formerly
held by the town corporation of

the crown, 373
Cambridge, the town of, totally de-

stroyed in A.D. 870, 81; and in
1009, 82; ancient appearance of,
332; its gradual growth, ib.; why
chosen as a site of an university,
333; aspect of in the 15th century,

375
Cambridge, university of, its earliest

known legal recognition, 1; legends
respecting early history of, 66;
scantiness of our information re-
specting the statutes of, before the
college era, ib.; modelled on the
university of Paris, 67; probable
origin of, 80; earliest legal recog.
nition of the, 84; students from
Paris settle in the, 107; presence
of students from Paris at, 133;
migration from the, to Northamp-
ton, 135; first recognised as a stu-
dium generale in 1318, 145; ad-
vantages resulting from this recog-
nition, 146; chancellor of, present
at council of Constance, 276; re-
garded as deteriorating in theology
in the fifteenth century, 315; ori-
ginally only a grammar school,
340; period when the arts course
was introduced at,L342, fables re-
specting 'early history of, retailed by
Fisher, 450; tribute paid by Erasmus
to its fame, 507, progress of Greek
at, 511; declared by Erasmus in
1516 to be able to compare with
the most celebrated universities,
616; entire change at, 19; n.
2; favour shown by to the study
of Greek contrasted by More with
the conduct of Oxford, 526; had
always outstripped Oxford, 534;
Wolsey constituted sole reviser of
the statutes of, 549; abject flattery
of letter of, to the cardinal, 550;
contribution of colleges of to the
royal loan, 551, n. 1; royal visits to,
551; scholars from, invited by Wol-
sey to Oxford, 552; less forward to

C
Caen, ahboy of, lands taken from to

found King's College, 305
Cæsar, Commentaries of, Lupus of

Ferrières promises to send copy

espouse new doctrines than Oxford, only portion of his logic studied
55%; begins to take the lead in prior to the 12th century, 29
Connexion with the Reformation, Cavendish, Wolsey's biographer, edu-
ib.; Luther's writings burnt at, cated at Cambridge, 545
571; question of the royal divorce Chalcidius, Latin translation of the
referred to, 613; conduct of, in Timæus by, 41
relation to the question, compared Chalcondyles, successor to Argyro-
by Mr. Froude with that of Oxford, pulos at Florence, 429; his edition
616; letter to from King Henry, of Homer, ib.; his Greek gram-
617; decision of, on the question,

mar, 430
criticised, 621; royal injunctions Champeaux, William of, opens a
to, 630

school of logic in Paris, 77, n. 1
Camerarius, testimony of, to fame of Chancellor of the cathedral at Paris,
Richard Croke at Leipsic, 527

his hostility to the university, 80
Canon law, study of, founded on the Chancellor, office of the, in the uni.

Decretum of Gratian, 36; simply versity, 140; his election biennial,
permitted at Merton College, 167; ib.; elected by the regents, ib. ;
permitted but not obligatory at duties attached to the office, 141;
Gonville Hall, 240; how affected by his powers ecclesiastical in their
Occam's attack on the papal power, origin, ib.; originally not per-
259; four fellows allowed to study mitted to delegate all his duties to
at King's, 308; study of, simply the vice-chancellor, ib. ; his powers
permitted at Queens' College, 317; distinguished from those of the
forbidden at St. Catherine's Hall, regents, 142; first becomes vested
318; and at Jesus College, 322; with spiritual jurisdiction in the
admission of bachelors in, from university, 146; his authority as-
A.D. 1459 to A.D. 1499, 320; doctor serted by the Barnwell Process ex-
of, former requirements for degree clusive of all ecclesiastical jurisdic-
of, 364 ; lectures on and degrees in tion, 289
prohibited, 630

Chancellors, two at the university of
Canterbury, destruction of the library Bologna, 73

at, A.D. 1009, 82; both the monas. Charlemagne, fosters learning in
teries at, professed the Benedictine conjunction with Alcuin, 9; effects
rule, ib. ; mode of life at monas- of his rule on the conception of
tery of St. Augustine at, described learning, 10; his Capitularies, 12;
by Giraldus Cambrensis, 87

his letter to Baugulfus, ib. ; in-
Canterbury Hall, Oxford, efforts of vites Alcuin over from England,

Simon Islip at, 266; expulsion of 13; twofold character of his work
seculars from, ib.

in education, ib.; his mental acti.
Cardinal College, Oxford, foundation vity, 14; questions in grammar

of, 551; its princely revenues, ib.; propounded by, to Alcuin, 15; his
scholars from Cambridge placed

views in relation to learning com-
on the foundation, 552; founded pared with those of Alcuin, 17
on the site of St. Frideswide's Charters university, supposed loss
monastery, ib. n. 1; magnificence of, 81, n. 1
of the design, 601 and n. 1

Chicheley, archbp., directs the con-
Cards, playing at, allowed to fellows fiscation of the estates of the alien

at Christmas time, 609; always for. priories, 305
bidden to scholars, ib. n. 2

Christchurch, monastery of, Canter-
Carmelites, the, their house near bury, a mixed foundation, 100;
Queens' College, 139

distinguished from that of St. Au.
Cassiodorus, treatise of, a text-book gustine's, Canterbury, ib. n. 2;

during the Middle Ages, 21; his contrast presented in catalogue of
account of the Arithmetic of Boe. library at, with that of a hundred
thius, 28, n. 1; escapes the fate years later, 105; the monks of,
of Boethius under Theodoric, 29; nearly driven from the city by the
his Gothic History, 30; his Epi- Dominicans, 150
stles, ib.; his treatise De Artibus, ib.; Christchurch, Oxford, see Cardinal

copy of, at the library at Bec, 100 College
Categories of Aristotle, the, along Christ's College, foundation of, 446;

with the De Interpretatione, the endowments of given by Margaret

of Richmond, 447; original sta-
tutes of, 453; qualifications of
fellows at, 455; oath taken by fel.
lows of, ib.; power reserved by sta-
tutes of, of making alterations,
456, n. 3; error of dean Peacock
on this point, ib.; clause in oath
administered to master of, 458;
requirements for fellows at, 459;
admission of pensioners at, ib. ;
appointment of lecturer on Latin
literature at, ib.; lectures to be given
in long vacation at, 460; allowance

to fellows for commons at, ib.
Chrodegang, bp. of Metz, founder of

secular colleges in Lorraine, 160
Chrysoloras, Emmanuel, his charac-

ter, 391 ; he acquires the Latin
tongue, 392; his eminence as a
teacher of Greek, ib.; his Greek
Grammar, ib. and n. 2; his visit
to Rome, 393; his death at Con.
stance, 395; his funeral oration by
Julianus, 396
Chrysostom, St., disparagingly spoken

of by Erasmus, 501
Chubbes, Wm., author of a treatise

on logic, 425; an adviser of bp.
Alcock in the foundation of Jesus

College, 426
Cicero, Lupus of Ferrières asks for

the loan of the Rhetoric of, 20;
Topica of, expounded by Gerbert
at Rheims, 44; studied as a model
under Bernard of Chartres, 57;
styled by Niebuhr 8 θεός άγνωστος
in the Middle Ages, 96; numerous
treatises of, in the library at Bec,
in Normandy, in thirteenth cen-
tury, 104; Petrarch's model, 354;
orations of, known in the twelfth

and thirteenth centuries, 384, n. 2
Cistercian branch of the Benedictine

order, 85; testimony of Hugo, the
papal legate, to the motives of the
institution of the order, ib. n. 3;
order of the, satirised by Walter

Map, 86
Citramontani, a division of the stu.

dents at the university of Bologna,

73
Civil law, study of, revived by Irne-

rius at Bologna, 36; extended by
Accursius, 37; at first regarded with
hostility by the Romish Church,
ib.; forbidden to the religious or.
ders, 38; banished from the uni.
versity of Paris, ib.; its relation to
thecanon law explained by Savigny,
ib. n. 3; its general prevalence at
the close of the 12th century, 39;

the study of, often united with that
of the canon law in England, ib.;
studied by Lanfranc at Bologna,
47; why discouraged at Paris, 75;
periods during which the study
was encouraged or prohibited in
the university of Paris, ib. n. 2;
none of the volumes of the, found
in the library at Christchurch, 104;
studied at the Collége de Bayeux
in Paris, 128; conditions under
which the study of, was permitted
at Merton College, 167; absorbing
attention to, in the 14th century,
208; its tendency to confound dis-
tinctions between laity and clergy,
209; inaccuracy of Blackstone's
account of the study, ib.; Reginald
Pecock on the evils resulting from
the study, ib.; importance of the
code, shewn by William of No.
garet, 211; the Avignonese popes
distinguished by their knowledge
of, ib.; study of, looked upon by
the artists and theologians at
Paris as a trade, 255, n. 1; evi.
dent desire of founders to check
the excessive attention paid, in
the 18th century, to the, 319;
spirit in which it was studied in
Italy entirely mercenary, ib.; ad-
missions of bachelors to degrees
in, from A.D. 1459 to 1499, 320;
the study of, especially attacked
by the Humanists, 418
Clare College, foundation of, 250;

designed to repair the losses occa-
sioned by the pestilence, 251; libe-
rality of sentiment in the early
statutes of, ib.; conditions to be
observed in the election of fellows
at, 252; sizars at, ib. ; its reputa-

tion in the 15th century, 314
Clement vil, pope, his opinion of the

theologians, 212
Clergy, the, their participation in

secular pursuits in the thirteenth

and fourteenth centuries, 165
Clerk, probably synonymous with

scholar, 84
Clerk, John, bp. of Bath and Wells,

harshness of, towards Barnes at his

trial, 579
Clerke (or Clark), John, one of the

Cambridge Reformers, 604, and n. 1
Cluniac branch of the Benedictine

order, 85
Cnut, king, converts the canonry at

Bury St. Edmund's into a Bene-
dictine monastery, 149; favored
the creation of secular colleges, 160

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