Being, 49, n. 2; on the evangelism of the Mendicant orders, 90 Moerbecke, William of, his transla- tion of Aristotle, 126; his transla- tion of Aristotle attacked by Roger Bacon, 155 Monasteries, origin of their founda- tion in the west, 2; monastery of Monte Cassino, 3, 5; of Malmes- bury, 8; destruction of those of the Benedictines by the Danes, 81; superseded as centres of instruc- tion by the universities, 207; the patrons of learning begin to despair of the, 301 Monasticism, its origin in the west,
2; feelings in which it took its rise, 5; its heroic phase, 9; asceti- cism the professed theory of, 337 Monks, contrasted with the secular
clergy, 86, n. 1; the garb of, dis- continued, 87, n. 3 Monnier, counterstatement of, with respect to the episcopal and monas- tic schools, 69
Montacute, Simon, bp. of Ely, me- diates between the Hospital of St. John and Peterhouse, 229; resigns to Peterhouse his right of present- ing to fellowships, 230; gives the college its earliest statutes, ib. Montaigne, Collége de, student fare at, 130
Montpellier, civil law taught at, be-
fore foundation of university, 38, n. 1; university of, formed on the model of Bologna, 74; founded in the 13th century, 80
More, sir Tho., quoted in illustra-
tion of standard of living at the universities, 371; endeavours to persuade Wm. Latimer to teach bp. Fisher Greek, 519; his interest in the progress of learning at Ox- ford, 524; his letter to the autho- rities of Oxford on the conduct of the Trojans,' 525; Utopia of, 558; appointed high steward, 584; Tyn- dale's 'Answer' to, quoted, 590; saying of, respecting Tyndale's New Testament, 600, n. 3; refer- ence of, to Bilney's trial, 608, n. 3 Music, treatment of the science by Martianus, 26; treatment of the . science of, by Boethius, 28
Natares, master of Clare, an enemy
to the Reformers, 577; summons
Barnes in his capacity of vice- chancellor, ib.
'Nation,' German, at Paris, when first so called, 196, n. 2
'Nations' in the university of Paris, 78 Navarre, college of, in Paris, 127; its large endowments, ib.; Jeanne of, foundress of the college known by her name, ib. ; the chief college at Paris in the 14th and 15th cen- turies, 128; injurious influences of court patronage at, ib. n. 2 Neander, his criticism of the De Causis, 114, n. 1
Nelson, late bp. of, his criticism on
Walter de Merton's design in found-
ing Merton College, 168 New College, Oxford, presence of Wyclif's doctrines at, 271, n. 2; an illustration of the feelings of the patrons of learning with re- - spect to the monasteries, 302; en- dowed with lands purchased of religious houses, ib.; statutes of, ib.; these statutes a model for subsequent foundations, 303 Nicholas 1, pope, accepts the forged Decretals, 34
Nicholas de Lyra, his writings fre- quently to be met with in the Cambridge libraries of the 15th century, 326; his long popularity with theologians, ib.; not much valued by Erasmus, 502; the divi- nity lecturer at C. C. C., Oxford, en- joined by bp. Fox to put aside, 523 Nicholson, Sygar, stationer to the university, 626; character and ca- reer of, ib.
Nicomachus, Arithmetic of Boethius taken from, 28
Nix, bp. of Norwich, fell. of Trinity
Hall, declaration of, respecting Gon- ville Hall, 564; founder of three fellowships at Trin. Hall, ib. n. 2 Nominalism, the prevalent philoso- phy of the ninth century, 55, n. 1; new importance acquired by, from its application to theology, ib.; its tendency opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity, 56; triumph of, in the schools, 188; would not have appeared with Occam but for the Byzantine logic, ib.; doctrines of, forbidden at Paris by Louis xi, 196 and n. 2; its adherents oppose the corruptions of the Church, ib.; its triumph according to Mansel in- volved the abandonment of the scholastic method, 197
Non-regents, gradually admitted to
share in university legislation, 142; the term explained, 361 Norfolk, county of, many of the Cam.
bridge Reformers natives of, 563 Normans, influence of the, in Eng- land prior to the Conquest, 67 Northampton, migrations to, from Oxford and Cambridge, 135 Norwold, Hugh, bp. of Ely, his services to the Hospital of St. John the Evangelist, 223
Notation, Arabic system of, intro- duced by Gerbert, 43
Nova Ars, the, its introduction greatly increased the attention given to logic, 343
Novum Instrumentum of Erasmus,
508; why so called, ib. n. 2; de- fects and errors in, 510; its great merit, 511; its patrons, ib.; dedi. cated to Leo x, 512; sarcastic allu- sions in, ib.; name changed to Novum Testamentum, 523
Oath, administered to regents of Ox- ford, and Cambridge, not to teach in any other English university, 135, n. 1; of submission, taken by chancellors of the university, to the bishops of Ely, 287, n. 2; im- posed on masters and fellows of colleges, 454, 455
Obbarius, his opinion of the religion
of Boethius quoted, 28, n. 2 Oblati, the term explained, 19, note 2 Occam, William of, his De Potestate opposed to the papal claims found- ed on the canon law, 36, 187; 'the demagogue of scholasticism,' ib.; extends the scholastic en- quiries to the province of nomi- nalism, ib.; his chief service to philosophy, 189; disclaims the ap- plication of logic to theological difficulties, 191; falls under the papal censure, 195; his escape from Avignon, ib.; styled by pope John XXII the Doctor Invincibilis, 196; compared with Bradwardine, 205, n. 1; his attack on the politi- cal power of the pope struck at the study of the canon law, 259; his De Potestate, 260
Odo, bishop of Bayeux, regarded none but Benedictines as true monks, 82
Odo, abbat of Clugni, hostile to
pagan learning, 18; pupil of Remy of Auxerre, 69; sustains the tra- dition of Aleuin's teaching, íb.; acquires a reputation as having read through Priscian, 104, n. 1 Olleris, M., his edition of the works of Gerbert, 42; his view respecting intercourse of Gerbert with the Saracens, 43, n. 2
Ordinarie, fellows of Gonville Hall required to lecture, for one year, 247; lecturing, meaning of the phrase, Append. (E)
'Ordinary' lectures, meaning of the phrase, 358 and Append. (E) Oresme, Nicolas, master of the col- lege of Navarre, 128; his remark- able attainments, ib. n. 1 Origen, highly esteemed by Erasmus,
501; studied by some of the Cam- bridge Reformers, 598, n. 4 Orleans, migration to, from Paris in 1228, 107
Orosius, a text-book during the
Middle Ages, 21; his 'Histories' characterised by Ozanam, 22; pre- pared at the request of Augustine, ib.; description of the work, 23 Ottringham, master of Michaelhouse,
borrows a treatise by Petrarch, 433 Ouse, the river, its ancient and pre- sent points of junction with the Cam, 329, 330; its course as de- scribed by Spenser, 330
Oxford, controversies in the schools
of, described by John of Salisbury, 56; university of, probable origin of, 80; town of, burnt to the ground in 1009, 82; early statutes of, probably borrowed from those of Paris, 83; teachers from Paris at, ib.; students from Paris at, 107; intercourse of, with university of Paris, 134; monastic foundations at, in the time of Walter de Mer- ton, 165; intellectual activity of, at the commencement of the 14th century, 171; in the 14th century compared with Paris, 196; takes the lead in thought, in the 14th century, 213; her claim to have given the earliest teachers to Paris, ib. n. 1; resistance offered by, to archbp. Arundel, 259, n. 2; a stronghold of Wyclifism, 271; schools of, deserted in the year 1438, 297 and n. 2; want of schools for exercises at, 299; divinity schools at, first opened, 300; friends of Erasmus at, 476; Erasmus's
account of, 490; state of feeling at, with reference to the new learn- ing, 523; changes at, 524; Greek at, ib.; unfavorably contrasted by More with Cambridge, 526; chair of Greek founded at, ib.; outstrip- ped, according to Croke, by Cam- bridge, 534; eminent men of learning who favored, ib.; styled by Croke, colonia a Cantabrigia deducta, 539; resigns its statutes into Wolsey's hands, 549; contri- butions of colleges of, to the royal loan, 551, n. 1; Luther's writings burnt at, 571; spread of the re- formed doctrines at, by means of the Cambridge colony, 604; un- favorably compared with Cam- bridge by Mr. Froude in connexion with the question of the royal divorce, 616; Cromwell's commis- sioners at, 629
'Oxford fare,' not luxurious, 371
Pace, Rich., pleads the cause of the Grecians at Oxford with Henry VIII, 526; one of Wolsey's victims, 548; his character as described by Erasmus, ib. n. 3
Pacomius, the monachism of, con- trasted with that of the Benedic- tines, 86
Padua, university of, its foundation the result of a migration from Bologna, 80
Paget, Wm., a convert of Bilney,
563; lectured on Melanchthon's Rhetoric at Trinity Hall, ib. Pain Peverell, changes the canons of
St. Giles to Augustinian canons, 163, n. 1; removes them to Barn- well, ib.
Pandects, see Civil law
Pantalion, Anchier, his student life at Paris, 130
Paris, Matthew, his account of the riot in Paris in 1228, 107; his description of the conduct of the Mendicants, 147; manuscript of his Historia Major used, ib. n. 1; his testimony to the character of Grosseteste, 153; his comment on the nomination of Adam de Marisco to the see of Ely, 224; his account of a wonderful trans- formation in the fen country, 334 Paris, university of, requirements of, with respect to civil and canon
law, 38, n. 1; in the 12th century, 58; the model for Oxford and Cambridge, 67; supplies important presumptive evidence with respect to their early organisation, 68; chief school of arts and theology in the 12th century, 71; first known application of the term 'university' to, ih.; compared with that of Bologna, 75; theological character of its early teaching, ib.; its early discipline, 76; students not permitted to vote at, ib. n. 2; commencement of its first cele- brity, 77; nations' in, 78; its hostility to the papal power, 79; its secular associations explained by M. V. Le Clerc, ib.; conflict of, with the citizens, in 1228, 106; colleges of, ib.; sixteen founded in the 13th century, ib. n. 4; sup- pression of the small colleges at, 129; mediæval education would- have been regarded as defective unless completed at, ib.; number_ of students at, towards the close of the 16th century, 130; its in- fluence in the thirteenth century, 132; students from, at Oxford and Cambridge, 133; whether a lay or clerical body always a disputed question, 166, n.1-; nominalistic doc- trines forbidden at, 196; transfer- ence of leadership of thought from, to Oxford, 213; indebted for its first professors to the Oxford Fran- ciscans, ib. n. 1; regains its influ- ence in the 15th century, 276; cessa- tion of its intercourse with Oxford and Cambridge, 280; ceases to be the supreme oracle of Europe, ib.; causes of decline of, ib.; efforts made by the popes to diminish her prestige, 282; subsequent relations of, to the English universities, 342; assistance to be derived from its statutes in studying the antiquities of Oxford and Cambridge,343; ma- thematical studies at, in 15th cen- tury, 352; reputation of, at com- mencement of 16th cent., 474; ceases to be European in its ele- ments, ib. n. 2
Parker, Matthew, fell. of Corpus, attended meetings at the White Horse, 573
Parker, Rich., error in his History of Cambridge with respect to the date of the burning of Luther's books, 571, n. 5
Parva Logicalia, studied at Leipsic and Prague, 282, n. 2; a part of the Summula of Petrus Hispanus, 350; why so called, ib. n. 4; not studied in More's Utopia, 351, n. 1 Paschasius, Radbertus, his lament
over the prospects of learning after the time of Charlemagne, 19; sig- nificance of the doctrine respect- ing the real presence maintained by,
Peacock, dean, his observations on discrepancies in the different Sta- tuta Antiqua, 110, n. 1; question raised by, with reference to dis- pensation oaths, 456; inaccuracy in his statement with respect to Christ's College, ib. n. 3 Pecock, Reginald, an eclectic, 290; mistaken by Foxe for a Lollard, ib.; really an Ultramontanist, ib.; his belief in logic, 291; asserts the rights of reason against dogma, ib.; repudiated the absolute autho- rity of both the fathers and the schoolmen, 292; advocated sub- mission to the temporal authority of the pope, ib.; denied the right of individuals to interpret Scripture, 293; disliked much preaching, 294; his eccentric defence of the bishops, ib.; offended both parties, 295; at- tacks the doctrines of the Church, ib.; his enemies at Cambridge, ib.; his character by prof. Babington, ib. n. 2; possibly a political suf- ferer, 296; his doctrines forbidden at the university, ib. and n. 4 Pembroke College, foundation of, 236; earliest statutes of, no longer extant, 237; outline of the revised statutes of, ib. n. 2; leading fea- tures of these statutes, 238; scho- lars, in the modern sense, first so named at, ib.; grammar first in- cluded in the college course at, ib.; limitations of fellowships to differ- ent counties at, ib.; preference to be given to natives of France at, 239; its reputation in the 15th century, 314; early catalogue of the library of, 324; Fox, bp. of Winchester, master of, 465
Pensioners, first admitted by statute,
at Christ's College, 459; evils re- sulting from indiscriminate admis- sion of, 624
Percival, Mr. E. F., his edition of
the foundation statutes of Merton College, 159, n. 4; his assertion
respecting Roger Bacon, ib.; quoted, on Walter de Merton's design in the foundation of Merton College, 164, n. 1
Persius, lectures on, by Gerbert at Rheims, 44; nine copies of, in library of Christchurch, Canter- bury, 104
Peter of Blois, account attributed to him of the university of Cam- bridge, spurious, 66
Peterhouse, foundation of, 228; be- comes possessed of the site of the friary De Pænitentia Jesu, 229; final arrangement between, and the brethren of St.John the Evangelist, ib.; prosperity of the society, ib.; patronised by Fordham, bp. of Ely, ib.; early statutes of, given by Simon Montacute, 230; early statutes of, copied from those of Merton Col- lege, Oxford, ib.; character of the foundation, 231; sizars at, ib.; all meals at, to be taken in com- mon, 232; the clerical dress and tonsure incumbent on the scholars of, ib.; non-monastic character of, 233; fellowships at, to be vacated by those succeeding to benefices of a certain value, 234; its code com- pared by dean Peacock with those of later foundations, ib. n. 1; allowance for fellows' commons at, in 1510, 254, n. 2; cardinal Beaufort a pensioner at, 310; cata- logue of the library of, ann. 1418, 324; illustration afforded by the original catalogue of the library of, 370, n. 1; evils resulting from ex- travagant living at, 460; Hornby master of, 465
Petition of Parliament against ap- pointment of ecclesiastics to offices of state, 267
Petrarch, notice of the infidelity of his day by, 124 and n. 2; com- pares the residence at Avignon to the Babylonish captivity, 195; his interview with Richard of Bury at Avignon, 201; his reproach of the university of Paris, as chiefly en- nobled by Italian genius, 214; scene in the early youth of, 379; his esti- mate of the learning of the uni- versities in his day, 382; his in- fluence, ib.; change in the modern estimate of his genius explained, 383; his Latin style, ib.; his ser- vices to the study of Cicero, 384, 385, n. 1; his knowledge of Greek,
385; his instinctive appreciation of Plato, 386; he initiates the struggle against Aristotle, ib.; his position compared with that of Aquinas, ib.; rejected the ethical system of Aristotle, 387; succes- sors of, ib.; his prophecy of the fate that awaited the schoolmen, 432; copy of his Letters in the original catalogue of the library of Peter- house, 433
Petrus Hispanus, 176; not the ear- liest translator of Psellus, ib.; nu- merous editions of his Summulæ, 178; theory enunciated by the trea- tise, 180; its extensive use in the Middle Ages, 350
Philelphus, his statement respecting
Greek learning at Constantinople in the fifteenth century, 175, n. 1; account given by, of Constantinople in the year 1441, 390 Philip Augustus, decline of the epis-
copal and monastic schools com- mences with his reign, 68 Philip the Fair, of France, his strug-
gle with Boniface VIII, 194 Picot, sheriff, though a Norman, founds secular canons at St. Giles, 163, n. 1
Pike, regarded as a delicacy in for-
mer days, 374, n. 2
Pisa, council of, representatives from both the universities present at, 276
Pisa, university of, founded in the 13th century, 80 Plague, the Great, 241; its effects on the universities, ib.
Plague, the, often followed upon the visits of illustrious personages, 542, n. 2 Plato, Timæus of, translated into Latin by Chalcidius, 41; his theory of Universals described by Por- phyry as translated by Boethius, 52; Timæus of, probably meant in catalogues of libraries at Bec and at Christchurch, Canterbury, 104; Dialogues of, brought by Wm. Gray to England, 397
Pledges allowed to be given by stu- dents, 144, n. 1 Plessis-Sorbonne, Collége de, founda- tion of, 129
Poggio Bracciolini, visits England in the 15th century, 297; nature of his impressions, 298; his descrip- tion of the spirit in which the civil law was studied in Italy, 319, n. 2;
his quarrel with the Fratres Ob servantiæ, 337; exposes the ficti- tious character of the Decretals, 420
Politian, professor of both Greek and Latin at Florence, 429; his Miscel- lanea, ib.; the classical lecturer at C. C. C., Oxford, ordered to lecture on the work, 521, n. 2 Polydore Vergil, not the sole author of the statement that ascribed the death of Stafford to Wolsey's re- sentment, 548, n. 2
Pope, the, reason why his sanction was originally sought at the found- ation of a university, 78; at Avignon, opposed by the English Franciscans, 193; oaths imposed in early college statutes against dispensations from the, with re- spect to fellowship oath, 458 Porphyry, Isagoge of, lectures on, by Gerbert at Rheims, 44; scholastic philosophy owes its origin to a sentence in, 50; the passage quo- ted, ib.; the passage known to the Middle Ages in two translations, 51; influence it was calculated to exercise on philosophy, 53 Prævaricator, the, in academic exer- cises, 356
Pragmatic Sanction, the, secures to France independence of Rome, 281
Prague, university of, formed on the model of Paris, 74; division into nations at, 79, n. 2; founded in connexion with the university of Oxford, 215; its prescribed course of study adopted by the university of Leipsic, 282, n. 2; losses sus- tained by Paris in consequence of the creation of, 334; less distracted by the nominalistic controversies, 416
Prantl, Carl, on the results of en-
couragement given by the emperor Frederic to the new Aristotle, 98, n. 1; his condemnation of the scholastic Aristotle, 124; the au- thor's obligations to his Geschichte der Logik, 175; his observations on the extensive influence of the Byzantine logic, 179; his estimate of Occam's philosophy quoted, 189 Preaching, neglect of, in the 15th century, 437
Prichard, Jas. C., on distinction be- tween use of the false Decretals by Hincmar and Nicholas, 34, n. 1
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