'incorporated' at Oxford. His college remains unknown. In 1639, in the epistle to the reader of his Triall of our Church Forsakers,' he writes: 'I have lived now by God's gratious dispensation above fifty years, and in the place of my allotment two and twenty full.' The former date carries us back to 1588-9, or probably 1587-8, as his birth-year; the latter to 1616-7, the year of his settlement at Cranbrook. In his 'Bee Thankfull London and her Sisters' (1626), he describes himself as formerly 'assistant to a reverend diuine... now with God; and the name on the margin is 'Master Haiward of Wool Church' (Dorset). This must have preceded his going to Cranbrook. He was also the author of Milk for Babes, or a Mother's Catechism for her Children,' 1646; and of A Christian Family builded by God, or Directions for Governors of Families,' 1653. Puritan though he was in his deepest convictions and mildly Calvinistic in his creed, he waged a prolonged warfare against the Brownists, and sought to cover their saintliest men and women with undeserved opprobrium. He remained at Cranbrook till 1643, and in that year, having been called upon by the parliament 'rules' to choose between two benefices, so as not to come under the ban of being a pluralist, he selected the far inferior living of Southwick, Hants. Later he succeeded the extruded Udall, of St. Austin's, London, where he continued until a ripe old age.' In 1657, in Evangelical Peace,' he is described as 'pastor of St. Austine's, London.' He disappears silently between 1657-8 and 1662. His books are terse and vivid, and fetch high prices on their rare Occurrence. 6 ABBOT, WILLIAM (1789-1843), actor and dramatist, was born at Chelsea, and made his first essay on the stage at Bath in 1806. He remained a member of the Bath company for some seasons. For one night only he appeared at the Haymarket, in the summer of 1808, on the occasion of the benefit of Charles Young, the tragedian, returning afterwards to Bath. He reappeared at the Haymarket in 1810, and was first engaged at Covent Garden in 1812. He was a performer of light comedy and juvenile tragedy, but he took part in the melodramas which were then in vogue. He was assigned the part of Lothair upon the first production of the Miller and his Men.' For many years he continued to be a member of the Covent Garden company. Mr. Abbot never acts ill,' wrote Hazlitt in 1816. Macready, in his Reminiscences,' describing his own first appearance at Covent Garden in 1816 as Orestes in the Distressed Mother,' writes: Abbot, as Pylades, was waiting for me at the side scene: and when the curtain had risen, grasping his hand almost convulsively, I dashed upon the scene,' &c. Abbot was the original representative of Appius Claudius and of Modus in Sheridan Knowles's plays of Virginius' (1820) and the Hunchback (1832). The critics applauded the spirit of his acting, and his acute sense of propriety of emphasis. In 1827 Abbot was engaged, at a weekly salary of twenty napoleons, as stage manager of the English company visiting Paris, with Miss Smithson as their 'leading lady.' He played Charles Surface among other parts; but the 'School for Scandal was little admired at the Salle Favart. The season concluded in Paris, Abbot, with others of the company, attempted to give English performances in certain of the chief towns of France; but the experiment was wholly unsuccessful, the company was disbanded, and the English actors, in a most necessitous condition, found their way home as best they could. Upon the first appearance of Miss Fanny Kemble in 1830 at Covent Garden, Abbot played Romeo to her Juliet. Leigh Hunt wrote of his performance: ... Mr. Abbot has taken it in his head that noise is tragedy, and a tremendous noise he accordingly makes. It is Stentor with a trumpet. We hear he is a pleasant person everywhere but on the stage, and such a man may be reasonably at a disadvantage with his neighbours somewhere.' Abbot was the author of two melodramas, the Youthful Days of Frederick the Great' and Swedish Patriotism, or the Signal Fire,' produced at Covent Garden in 1817 and 1819 respectively, and both founded upon French originals. Abbot left England to try his fortune in America, meeting there with small success. He died at Baltimore in distressed circumstances, 'shunned and neglected,' it was said, 'by those his former friendship served.' [Biography of the British Theatre, 1824; Genest's History of the Stage in England, 1832; Donaldson's Recollections of an Actor, 1865.] D. C. ABBOTT, CHARLES, first LORD TENTERDEN (1762-1832), lord chief justice, was born 7 Oct. 1762, at Canterbury, in a house on the left-hand side of the west entrance to the cathedral. He was, to quote the epitaph which he wrote for his tomb two months before his death, Filius natu minor humillimis sortis parentibus, patre vero prudenti, matre pia ortus,' that is, he was the second son of a respectable hairdresser and wigmaker, among whose patrons were the clergy of the cathedral. As a lad Abbott is said to have helped his father in his business. Lord Campbell, who, in his 'Lives of the Chief Justices,' gives the most complete account of him, describes Abbott as a scrubby little boy, who ran after his father, carrying for him a pewter basin, a case of razors, and a hair-powder bag.' Having been taught to read at a dame's school, he entered at seven the King's or Grammar School, where many celebrated men have been educated. Abbott's ability was soon discovered by his teacher, Dr. Osmond Beauvoir. The late Sir Egerton Brydges, who was Abbott's schoolfellow, states that 'from his earliest years he was industrious, apprehensive, regular and correct in all his conduct, even in his temper, and prudent in everything.' Another schoolfellow describes him as 'grave, silent, and demure; always studious and well-behaved.' The same informant says: 'I think his first rise in life was owing to a boy of the name of Thurlow, an illegitimate son of the lord chancellor, who was at Canterbury Free School with us. Abbott and this boy were well acquainted, and when Thurlow went home for the holidays he took young Abbott with him. Abbott then became acquainted with Lord Thurlow, and was a kind of helping tutor to his son; and I have always heard, and am persuaded, that it was by his lordship's aid that he was afterwards sent to school with us.' About the age of fourteen he was put forward by his father as a candidate for a place as singingboy in the cathedral. But his voice being husky, another boy was preferred. In after years, as chief justice, he went the home circuit with Mr. Justice Richardson, and visited the cathedral with his brother judge. Pointing to a singer in the choir, he said, 'Behold, brother Richardson, that is the only human being I ever envied. When at school in this town we were candidates for a chorister's place; he obtained it; and if I had gained my wish, he might have been accompanying you as chief justice, and pointing me out as his old schoolfellow, the singing-man.' Abbott's proficiency in Latin verse was remarkable; and at seventeen he was captain of the school. His father wished that his son should be apprenticed to his trade, and the indentures were actually signed, sealed, and delivered. Fortunately the trustees of the school saw their way to increase the amount of an exhibition, and he was thus enabled to go to Oxford. He entered Corpus Christi College 21 March 1781, where he obtained a scholarship. In 1783 he competed for the chancellor's medal for Latin composition, the subject being the siege of Gibraltar, 'Calpe obsessa.' He failed to get the prize, being beaten by Bowles the poet, then a scholar of Trinity. But in 1784 he won it by his verses on 'Globus Aerostaticus, the voyage in a balloon of Lunardi, who had about that time introduced the air-balloon into England. In 1786 he gained the chancellor's medal for English composition by an essay On the Use and Abuse of Satire. This essay, which is printed in the first volume of the 'Oxford Prize Essays,' begins in the approved prize style of the period: 'In the early ages of nations, as in the youth of individuals, before the authority of the judgment is confirmed by the establishment of acknowledged truths, the passions are ever the most powerful springs of human action.' The essay deals separately with personal, political, moral, and critical satire. Clear as one of Lord Tenterden's judgments, it shows considerable reading; and it ends with the cautious remark, characteristic of the author: 'Perhaps we need not hesitate to conclude that the benefits derived from satire are far superior to the disadvantages, with regard both to their extent and duration; and its authors may therefore be deservedly numbered among the happiest instructors of mankind.' In 1785 Abbott took his degree of B.A., and he was soon afterwards made a fellow of his college and tutor. As private tutor of Mr. Yarde, son of Mr. Justice Buller, he became acquainted with that judge, who strongly urged him to go to the bar. You may not possess,' he said in his pithy fashion, the garrulity called eloquence, which sometimes rapidly forces up an impudent pretender, but you are sure to get early into respectable business at the bar, and you may count on becoming in due time a puisne judge.' He took Buller's advice. On 16 Nov. 1787 Abbott was admitted a student of the Middle Temple. He took chambers in Brick Court, and attended for several months the offices of Messrs. Sandys & Co., attorneys, in Craig's Court. Afterwards he entered the chambers of Mr. Wood, who had been the instructor of Lord Ellenborough and several other judges, and who was one of the chief pleaders of his day. Having there mastered the science of special pleading, he practised for several years as a special pleader under the bar. On 13 July 1795 he married Mary, daughter of John Langley Lamotte, of Basildon, Berk 6 shire. He had four children, two sons and | Brougham. He never was a leader at the two daughters, John Henry, Mary, Catherine bar.' 'I believe,' says Lord Campbell, he Alice, and Charles (Gentleman's Magazine, never addressed a jury in London in the 1832, ii. 571). His success as a special pleader whole course of his life.' Lord Campbell induced him to go to the bar, or, to use his adds that on the few occasions when Abbott own characteristic words, to take that leap had to address a jury on circuit he showed into the turbid stream of forensic practice the most marvellous inaptitude for the funcin which so many sink, while a few-"rari tions of an advocate, and almost always lost nantes in gurgite vasto "-are carried success- the verdict.' He was offered in 1808 a seat fully along to riches and honour.' Called to on the bench, but his practice was so lucrathe bar by the Inner Temple in Hilary term tive that he declined it. Aware of his de1796, he joined the Oxford circuit, and, not- ficiencies as a leader, he did not take silk. withstanding his lack of most of the quali- Owing to bad health he seems at one time to ties of an advocate, he obtained a large have thought of quitting his profession; but practice. Appointed junior counsel to the on the death of Mr. Justice Heath, in Februtreasury, he drew the indictments and was ary 1816, he accepted a puisne judgeship in employed as counsel in several important the court of Common Pleas. As a serjeant state trials. In 1801 he was made recorder he gave rings with the characteristic motto of Oxford. In 1802 he published his work labore. He remained for a short time in that on the Law relative to Merchant Ships and court, which was uncongenial to a man of Seamen,' a subject which had been suggested his quiet demeanour. On the death of Mr. to him by Lord Eldon. The choice was fortu- Justice Le Blanc, in May of the last year, he nate. Malynes's work on mercantile law had was moved into the King's Bench. There his been published as far back as 1622, and con-rise was rapid. Admonished by the decay siderably more than a century had elapsed of his faculties, Lord Ellenborough resigned since the appearance of Molloy's book, almost the office of chief justice in September 1818. the only work on maritime or mercantile law There was a difficulty in choosing a succesto be found at the beginning of this century sor. Sir Samuel Shepherd, the attorneyin an English lawyer's library. Abbott drew general, was unpopular and in bad health; upon materials which had hitherto been Gifford, the solicitor-general, was too young. neglected by most writers and judges. The In these circumstances Abbott was selected, civil law, the maritime codes of foreign though with some misgiving. We endeacountries, the Notabilia' of Roccus, and the voured to do the best we could,' wrote Lord treatises of Pothier and Emerigon were con- Eldon to Lord Kenyon after the appointment sulted. It may appear strange that so im- was made. "We could not do what would portant a work as the Consolato del Mare' have been really unexceptionable. It was had never been seen by Abbott, which he impossible' (Twiss, Life of Eldon, ii. 324). admits was the case. But the book displayed On 4 Nov. 1818 Sir Charles Abbott was made much learning. His treatment of legal ques- chief justice. He had the good fortune to be tions was novel. To appreciate the value of supported by puisne judges of rare ability, his work, one must know the character of such as Bayley J., Holroyd J., and LittleEnglish law books at the time of its appear- dale J. Speaking of the King's Bench in that ance. They were, with scarcely an exception, period, Lord Campbell observes: 'Before such crude compilations of cases. A writer who a tribunal the advocate becomes dearer to sought to illustrate principles rather than to himself by preserving his own esteem, and collect the decisions of courts and the acts of finds himself to be a minister of justice inthe legislature justly earned high praise. The stead of a declaimer, a trickster, or a bully. book was successful to an extent not often I do not believe that so much important busirealised by a legal author. It brought Ab-ness was ever done so rapidly and so well bott, tradition says, many briefs in commer- before any other court that ever sat in any cial cases. It has passed through twelve age or country.' Abbott's judgments, which editions. In this country it was edited by are for the most part reported in Maule and Mr. Justice Shee, and in the United States Selwyn's, Barnewall and Alderson's, and by Mr. Justice Story; and it is still quoted Barnewall and Cresswell's Reports, are distinas a book of authority by lawyers, who regard guished by their perspicuity and moderation, it as unsurpassed in its clear and simple clearness of reasoning, and absence of futile enunciation of principles. In 1807 Abbott's subtleties. Among the many judgments practice had so grown that he returned his which he delivered in cases of importance income as 8,0267. 58. His success was not won may be mentioned The King against Burby the display of brilliant forensic abilities. dett (4 B. § Ald. 95), a leading case in He had no striking talents,' says Lord the law of libel as to what constitutes pub 6 lication, and what evidence may be given in mitigation of punishment of such an offence; 'Laugher v. Pointer' (5 B. § C. 547), an important authority as to a master's liability: Blundell v. Catterall' (5 B. & Ald. 268), relating to the alleged public right of bathing in the sea; Rex v. Harvey' (2 B. & C. 257), dealing with the question how far a malicious intention is necessary to constitute a libel. From the judgment in the first of these may be quoted a sentence which indicates the spirit in which Abbott was wont to approach questions of law: 'In matters that regard the conduct of men, the certainty of mathematical demonstration cannot be required or expected; and it is one of the peculiar advantages of our jurisprudence that the conclusion is to be drawn by the unanimous judgment or conscience of twelve men conversant with the affairs and business of life, and who know that where reasonable doubt is entertained it is their duty to acquit, and not of one or more lawyers, whose habits might be suspected of leading them to the indulgence of too much subtility and refine ment. Abbott presided at several important state trials, among others those of Thistle wood and the Cato Street conspirators, Hone for blasphemous libel, and Cobbett for libel; and he discharged his duties with moderation and dignity. In April 1827 he was raised, at the instance of Mr. Canning, to the peerage under the title of Baron Tenterden of Hendon. He rarely took part in political discussion in the House of Lords. He confined himself for the most part to debates on legal topics, respecting which his opinion carried weight. He was not an active law reformer. He did not sympathise with or aid the reforms in the criminal law which were carried out by Romilly and Lord Mackintosh. In 1830 he opposed the proposal to abolish punishment of death for forgery. But he did not a little to improve the administration of some parts of the common law. In 1830 he introduced into parliament five bills based upon the reports of the commissioners who had been appointed to inquire into the means of improving the administration of justice. His name is associated with certain valuable measures: e.g. 9 Geo. IV, c. 14, an act for rendering a written memorandum necessary to the validity of certain promises; 9 Geo. IV, c. 15, which was intended to prevent a failure of justice by reason of variations between written or printed evidence and the recital of them upon the record; and 2 and 3 Will. IV, c. 71, for shortening the period of prescription. A strong tory in politics, he was conspicuous in his opposition to the Corporation and Test Bill, the Catholic Relief Bill, and the Reform Bill. His resistance to the last two measures was thoroughgoing. 'Can I support,' he said, with reference to the Catholic Relief Bill, a measure which I am sure by a broad and direct road leads to the overthrow of the protestant church?' His hostility to the Reform Bill was even more emphatic. He could never, he said, consent to go into committee upon this bill, because if he were in the committee he should feel himself compelled by a sense of duty to move that every word of the bill after the word 'that' be erased from it. He predicted that after the passing of the bill nothing would be left for the house but to obey the dictates of the commons. Never,' he said, in conclusion, shall I enter the doors of the house after it has become the shadow of its departed greatness.' His health had long been impaired, and in 1832 it broke down under the strain of his duties. Lord Brougham states in his memoirs that he met Lord Tenterden at the recorder's council and besought him to go home. Go, chief justice. You will kill yourself.' 'It is done already,' was his answer. Though ill, he presided over the trial at bar in 1832 of Charles Pinney, the mayor of Bristol, for misconduct and neglect of duty on the occasion of the riots in that city. He could not help betraying impatience during the proceedings, and on the third day he was confined to his bed by an attack of inflammation. He returned home on 25 Oct., and died on 4 Nov. His last words, uttered when almost unconscious, indicated that he was thinking of the duties which he had so long discharged: 'Gentlemen, you are all dismissed.' He was buried, at his own request, in the Foundling Hospital, of which he was a governor. In no sense or capacity was Lord Tenterden great. As a lawyer he was surpassed in acuteness and erudition by some judges of his own time. He was totally destitute of eloquence, and rather despised it as an impediment to justice. He showed to disadvantage in an office which Mansfield had recently filled; and it was a grave defect in his conduct as chief justice that he granted the perilous remedy of criminal informations in circumstances in which Hale and Holt would have refused it. But he exhibited rare good sense and supreme reasonableness. He had no pleasure in deducing from the common law paradoxes offensive to justice. The court over which he presided was respected; and his decisions are still referred to with deference. [Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices; Foss's Judges, ix. 68; Townsend's Judges, ii. 234; Gent. Mag. for 1832, ii. 568; Law Magazine, ix. 233, 234, xxvi. 51.] J. M-L. ABBOTT, CHARLES STUART AUBREY, third LORD TENTERDEN (1834-1882), permanent under-secretary for foreign affairs, was the son of the Hon. Charles Abbott, brother of John Henry, second Lord Tenterden, and was born in London on 26 Dec. 1834. He was educated at Eton, and in 1854 entered the Foreign Office, where in 1866 he was appointed précis writer to Lord Stanley. On 10 April 1870 he succeeded to the peerage on the death of his uncle. In the following year he was employed as secretary to the joint high commission at Washington; subsequently he assisted the lord chancellor in preparing the statement regarding the Alabama claims, and at the general conference on the subject he acted as agent for Great Britain. He was assistant under-secretary for foreign affairs from 1871 to 1873, when he became permanent under-secretary. In 1878 he was a royal commissioner at the Paris Exhibition, and the same year was promoted to the rank of K.C.B. Lord Tenterden was a distinguished freemason, being installed provincial grand master of Essex 2 July 1879. He died 22 Sept. 1882. [Times, 23 Sept. 1882; Foreign Office Sketches (1883), pp. 25-40.] T. F. H. ABBOTT, EDWIN (1808-1882), educational writer, born in London on 12 May 1808, was from 1827 to 1872 head master of the Philological School in Marylebone. Besides elementary works on Latin and English grammar he compiled a Complete Concordance to the Works of Alexander Pope,' which was published in 1875. He died on 12 May 1882. [Personal information.] line Street, Bloomsbury. He was a frequent contributor to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy between 1788 and 1800. Although he lacked the taste and skill requisite for producing a good whole-length picture, the heads of his male portraits were perfect in their likenesses, particularly those which he painted from the naval heroes of his time. His portrait of the poet Cowper is well known, and the best likeness of Lord Nelson is from his hand. Many of the prints from his pictures are marked Francis Lemuel Abbott, but it is not known why he assumed this additional Christian name, which was not bestowed upon him at the font. Being of a penurious disposition, he employed no assistant, and consequently he was overwhelmed with commissions which he could not execute. Domestic disquiet, occasioned by his marriage with a woman of very absurd conduct, preved upon his mind and brought on insanity, which at last terminated in his death in 1803. [Edwards's Anecd. of Painters, 281; Pilkington's Dict. of Painters, ed. Davenport; Bryan's Diet. of Painters and Engravers, ed. Stanley ; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists (1878).] T. C. ABBOTT, THOMAS EASTOE (1779– 1854), poetical writer, was descended from a Suffolk family, and resided for many years at Darlington, where he served many offices of local trust with great credit. For his services in connection with the Royal Free Grammar School, which he succeeded in placing in a satisfactory state, he was presented with a valuable testimonial by the inhabitants of that town. He died at Darlington 18 Feb. 1854, aged 76. His works are: 1. Peace: a Lyric Poem.' Hull, 1814. 2. The Triumph of Christianity: a Missionary Poem, with Notes and other Poems.' London, 1819. 3. The Soldier's Friend; or, Memorials of Brunswick: a Poem sacred to the memory of his Royal Highness Frederick, Duke of York and Albany Hull, 1828. 4. 'Lines on Education and Religion.' Darlington, 1839. [Latimer's Local Records of Northumberland and Durham, 338; Gent. Mag. N.S., 1854, xli. 443; Brit. Mus. Cat.] T. C. ABDY, EDWARD STRUTT (17911846), writer on America, was the fifth and youngest son of Thomas Abdy Abdy, Esq., of Albyns, Essex, by Mary, daughter of James Hayes, of Holliport, a bencher of the Middle Temple. He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship (B.A. 1813; M.A. 1817). His death occurred at Bath, 12 Oct. 1846, at the age of 56. His works are: 1. Journal of a Residence and Tour in the |