ilc, ylc, ilk, same, being always preceded by some form of

the demonstratives se, seó, þæt, or pes, peós, pis, takes the definite declension; se ilca, seó ilce, þæt ilce.

pyllic, pylic, pylc = pý + líc, the like, such, talis, takes the indefinite declension.

swilc (swylc, swelc), such, = swá + líc (or swá + ilc?), takes the indef. decl.

puslíc, thus like, such, indef. decl.

IV. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

The interrogative pronouns are hwá, hwæt, who, what; hwa ber, which of two, uter; hwilc, hwylc, who, what, what sort; hwá is thus declined:

The plural is wanting.

hwæder and hwile take the regular indefinite declension.

V. RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

The demonstratives se, seó, þæt, and the indeclinable pe are used as relative pronouns; pe is often affixed to the former: sepe, seópe, pæt pe (changed for euphony to pætte).

*

VI. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

án, one, an, a, nán, none, no, óðer, other (alius, secundus), sum, some, ánig (ænig), any, nánig (næenig), not any, none, manig (maneg, mænig), many, ælc, each, take the indefinite declension. When a vowel follows in the inflection, the e of óðer is dropped and the gen. and dat. sing. fem. is óðre instead of óðerre ; the neut. pl. is sometimes óðru or óðra ; sum is used before cardinal numbers, as is some in modern English, in the sense of about, more or less : þá se Aulixes mid pam Kasere tó pam gefiohte fór, þá hæfde he sume hundred scipa, when Ulysses with the Cæsar to the fight fared, then had he some hundred of ships; pá wæeron hí sume ten gear on þam gewinne, then were they some ten years in that war, Boel. xxxviii. 1. It sometimes follows the numeral; feówer and orítiga sume, some four and thirty; manig generally makes the nom. and acc. pl. manega. Other indefinites are ge-hwá, ge-hwæt, æg-hwá, æg-hwæt, each, any one, whoever, whatever, elles-hwæt, elsewhat, anything, eg-hwæder, whichever, each of two, uterque, ná-hwæðer, náwðer, neither, æg-hwilc, -hwelc, hwylc, each one, every, all.

VERBS.

There are two orders of verbs, the strong and the weak.

The past tenses of the strong verbs are formed by a change of the root-vowels of the infinitives, and the past participles end in

* Mr. G. W. Moon in his "Bad English," calls this use of some, a very common error." It certainly has "the rime cf age."

-en, sometimes with and sometimes without a change of the rootvowels. The past tenses of verbs of the weak order are formed by affixing -ode (-ade, -ede), -de or -te to the root, and the past participles, by affixing -od (-ad, -ed), -d, or -t, and, ir. addition to the suffix, one class of the weak order undergo in the past tense and past participle a change of the root-vowels.

The strong verbs are divisible into various classes, according to the character of the root-vowels of their present and past tenses, and past participles.

SYNOPSIS OF THE Inflections of Strong VERBS.

plur.

-að and -e

Infin. -an. Dat. (Gerund) tó-anne (-enne).

Pres. Part. -ende; Past Part. -en.

The ending -að of the Pres. Indic. pl. and the Imperative pl is used when the subject pronoun either precedes or is omitted; the ending -e is used when the pronoun immediately follows.

GENERAL RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN THE CONJUGATION OF STRONG VERBS.

1. The pers. sing, and the whole plur. of the Indic. Pres., the whole Subj. Pres., the Pres. Part., and the Imperative, have always the same root-vowel.

2. The 1 and 3 pers. sing. of the Indic. past have always the same root-vowel.

3. The 2 pers. sing. and the whole plur. of the Indic. Past, and the whole Subj. Past have always the same root-vowel.

4. The vowel of the endings -est and -eð of the 2 and 3 pers. sing. of the Pres. Indic. is generally syncopated, and then the root-vowel is different from that of the I pers. sing.

The root-vowels of the 1 pers. usually undergo the following changes in the 2 and 3 pers. sing.:

e becomes i, sometimes y; e. g., ic stele, þú stilst or stylst, he stylo, steal, stealest, stealeth.

eo becomes i, sometimes y; e. g., ic steorfe, þú stirfst or styrfst, he styrfo, die, diest, dieth.

a becomes e; e. g., ic bace, þú becst, he becð, bake, bakest, bakes.

ea becomes e, sometimes y; e. g., ic fealle, þú felst or fylst, he fylð, fall, fallest, falleth.

u becomes y; e. g., ic spurne, þú spyrnst, he spyrnð, spurn, spurnest, spurneth.

á becomes æ; e. g., ic bláwe, pú blæwst, he blæwo, blow, blowest, bloweth.

ó becomes é; e. g., ic grówe, þú gréwst, he gréwð, grow, growest, groweth.

eá becomes ý; e. g., ic hleápe, þú hlýpst, he hlýpð, leap, leapest, leapeth.

eó becomes ý; e. g., ic creópe, pú crýpst, he crýpo, creep, creepest, creepeth.

ú becomes ý; e. g., ic súce, þú sýcst, he sýcð, suck, suckest, sucketh.

i, í, é, and æ, remain unchanged; e. g., ic singe, þú singst, he singo, sing, singest, singeth; ic drífe, þú drífst, he drífo, drive, drivest, driveth; ic wépe, þú wépst, he wépð, weep, weepest, weepeth; ic ondræde, þú ondrædst, he ondræt, dread, dreadest, dreadeth.

Where -st and - of the 2 and 3 pers. of the Indic. Pres. would not unite easily with the final element of the root the following euphonic changes take place :

After a final -t of the stem, -st is retained, but -ð is dropped; e. g., ic ete, pú itst (ytst), he it (yt); eat, eatest, eats; or it is changed to -t, he itt (ytt); an -st of the stem is dropped before the ending -st, and in the 3 pers. is dropped; e. g., ic berste, þú birst, he birst, burst, burstest, bursts.

A final -d of the stem is sometimes dropped in the 2 pers. sing., and in the 3 pers. -dỡ becomes -t or -tt; e. g., ic ríde, þú ríst, he rít, ride, ridest, rides; but when a final -d of the stem is preceded by n, it is changed to -t in the 2 pers. sing., and in the 3 pers. -do becomes -t as before; e. g., ic finde, þú fintst, he fint, find, findest, finds.

A final - of the stem is omitted before -st and -; e. g., ic weorde, þú wirst (wyrst), he wirð (wyrð), become, becomest, becomes.

A final-s of the stem is dropped before -st, and in the 3 pers. -ð is changed to -t; e. g., ic áríse, þú aríst, he áríst, arise, arisest, arises.

A final -h of the stem is dropt in the 1 pers. sing. of the Indic. pres., and through all the sing. of the subj. pres., together with the ending -e; e. g., slea for sleahe, slay; fleó for fleóhe, flee; in the Infin. the -h of the stem is often dropped with the a of the ending; e. g., slean or slán for sleahan or slahan; fleón for fleóhan.

A final -g of the stem, except when preceded by n, is changed to -h before -st and -8, and in the 1 and 3 pers. sing. of the past tense; e. g., ic fleóge, þú flýhst, he flýhð, fly, fliest, flies; fleáh (I, he), flew.

In the past tense, 2 pers. sing., the whole plur., and in the past part., the following final consonants of the stems are generally changed, by reason of the vowels which follow:

-h is changed to -g; e. g., fleóhan, to fly, flee; past, ic fleáh, þú fluge, we, ge, hí, flugon; past part., flogen.

- is changed to -d; e. g., weorðan, to become; past, ic wearð, þú wurde, we, ge, hí, wurdon; past part., worden.

-s is changed to r; e. g., ceósan, to choose; past, ic ceás, pú cure, we, ge, hí, curon; past part., coren; genesan, to recover, lesan, to read, are exceptions.