AMYCLEUS CAμU tor, a native of Corinth with two other sculptor to execute part of a gro by the Phocians, at Deli Tellias of Elis leading t salians. The period of the commencement of about 500 B. C. (Pausa papers in the " Philosophical Transactions," and seems to have been a good practical surgeon. The titles of these papers are as follows: 1. "A Relation of an Idiot at Ostend, with two other Chirurgical Cases," vol. xxvi. p. 670., 1708. It contains the account of an idiot, thirty-three years old, who in the year before his death, swallowed, at different times, twenty-eight iron, brass, and leaden instruments, of various kinds (nails, screws, compasses, a knife, &c.), which all together weighed between two and three pounds. The brass and lead, it is said, were not impaired, though they had lain more than eight months in the stomach; but "the iron pieces were extremely corroded.... and three or four nails, mightily indamaged, did appear as if some particular menstruum or dissolvent had been poured upon them." 2. "Three Cases," vol. xxxvii. p. 258. 1732. The first, a congenital protrusion and exposure of the intestines; the second, a case of dysmenorrhea; the third, one of hour-glass contraction of the stomach. 3. "An extraordinary Case of the Foramen Ovale of the Heart being found open in an Adult," vol. xxxix. p. 172. 1735. The patient had no symptoms of the defect. 4. "Of an Inguinal Rupture, with a Pin in the Appendix Cæci incrusted with Stone; and some Observations on Wounds in the Guts," vol. xxxix. p. 329. 1736. The hernia was of that rare form, a congenital protrusion of the appendix vermiformis, and had become complicated by a pin having lodged in the appendix and produced ulceration through the groin. The patient recovered after the operation. 5. "Of an Obstruction of the Biliary Ducts, and an Imposthumation of the Gall Bladder, discharging upwards of eighteen Quarts of Bilious Matter in twenty-five Days," vol. xi. p. 317. 1738. Of a Bubonocele, or Rupture in the Groin, with the Operation made upon it," vol. xl. p. 361. 1738. He endeavours to show that the intestine in a hernia is most commonly strangulated by the constriction of the omentum protruded with it. 7." An Observation of a Fracture of the Os Humeri by the Power of the Muscles only," vol. xliii. p. 293. 1745. 8. "Of an Iliac Passion occasioned by an Appendix in the Ileon," vol. xliii. p. 369. 1745. 9. "Some Observations for on the Spina Ventosa," vol. xliv. p. 193. 1746; containing several cases of necrosis in which sequestra were removed by the aid of the trephine. The manuscripts of several these papers and of some other unpu cases, are in the MS. "Royal S pers," in the library of the Brit (Additional MSS. 4433-4436) 6. theca Chirurgica, t. ii. p. 15 Amyand wrote a letter AMYNANDER (4 by th G off the mask, and marched to Memphis, the head-quarters of the Persian troops, being joined by a great number of the natives to whom the Persian yoke was very offensive. The Persian commandant of Memphis marched out of the city to give him battle, and was defeated and forced to retire within the walls. By this success Amyntas and his troops were so elated that they commenced a general plunder of the neighbourhood, and allowed themselves to be surprised by the Persian troops, who sallied out from the city and cut them off to a man whilst they were pillaging, Amyntas himself being among the slain. (Diodorus, xvii. 48. Arrian, Anab. ii. Quintus Curtius, iv. 1.; Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, v. 160. 191.) R. W-n. AMYNTAS, the son of ARRABEUS, one of the officers of Alexander's cavalry who distinguished himself in the battle of the Granicus. This Amyntas seems to be alluded to on other occasions in Q. Curtius, but without any positive data to distinguish him from Amyntas the son of Andromenes, (Arrian, Anab. i. 14.; Q. Curtius, iv. 13.) R. W-n. AMYNTAS I. ('Aμúvras), the son of Alcetas, was the ninth or (according to Herodotus and Thucydides) the sixth king of MACEDONIA, at least, of the Temenid dynasty. He had succeeded to the throne before B. c. 510, the time of the expulsion of the Pisistratida from Athens, as we learn from the fact of his having offered Anthemus, a city of Macedonia, to Hippias, the banished tyrant. Three years afterwards we find him giving earth and water to the ambassadors sent by Megabazus, the general of the Persian king Darius, in token of submission to the supremacy of that monarch. These ambassadors were slain on account of their insults to the ladies of the court of Amyntas, and the Persian general Bubares was sent by Megabazus to avenge their death. Instead of doing this, he was bought off by bribes and the hand of Gygæa, the daughter of Amyntas, and the matter was hushed up. At the time of this event, Amyntas was already advanced in years, and his son Alexander had grown up to manhood. Some chronologists assign to him a reign of fifty, others of forty-two years, but there is no positive testimony on which their calculations rest. He was succeeded by his son Alexander I. (Herodotus, v. 18. 94. viii. 139.; Clinton, Fasti Hellen. ii. 221.) R. W-n. AMYNTAS II., the son of Tharraleus, a collateral descendant of Amyntas I., and the fifteenth king of MACEDONIA (according to Herodotus the twelfth), ascended the throne B. C. 394, and reigned twenty-four years. Within little more than a year after his accession, Macedonia was invaded by the Illyrians, and Amyntas defeated by them in battle. Finding himself unable to resist them, and in despair of maintaining possession of his dominions, he made over a portion of them to the rising state of Olynthus, and left the country. From some accounts it would appear that the Illyrians supported another claimant to the throne of the name of Argæus, and kept him in possession of the sovereignty for the space of two years. At the end of this time (according to Diodorus not long after his expulsion), Amyntas was restored to his kingdom by the Thessalians, and, having expelled the Illyrians from the country, he demanded from the Olynthians the restitution of the ceded territory, the revenues of which they had collected for their own use. They refused to give it up; and Amyntas, finding himself unable to cope with their power, applied to Sparta for succour, by whose assistance Olynthus was at last obliged to yield. Amyntas thus regained the whole of his kingdom; nor are we informed of any subsequent invasion of it by his old enemies the Illyrians. Diodorus (xvi. 2.), indeed, states, that Amyntas was obliged to pay them tribute, and to give up his son Philip as a hostage to them; and if this happened after the reduction of Olynthus, it would follow that he was again threatened by them. Though Amyntas continued to keep up a close alliance with Sparta, he also endeavoured to conciliate the friendship of Athens, more especially towards the end of his reign. For example, he professed to favour the claim of the Athenians on Amphipolis, and even went so far as to adopt Iphicrates, the Athenian general, as his son. He died in B. c. 370, a year, as Diodorus observes, remarkable for the death of two other Grecian princes, Jason of Thessaly, and Agesipolis II. of Lacedæmon. He left three sons by his wife Eurydice, Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, the first of whom succeeded him as king of Macedonia. According to a statement, which however rests on the unsupported testimony of Justin (vii. 4. 5.), Amyntas was not blessed with domestic happiness, his wife having in concert with her paramour conspired against him. The plot was discovered, and he forgave her. According to the same author, his two sons Alexander and Perdiccas perished by her arts after the death of their father. It is worthy of remark that Nicomachus, the father of Aristotle, was the surgeon of Amyntas, and his intimate friend. (Diogen. Laert. V. Aristot.) The transactions between Amyntas and the Olynthians have been recorded according to the account of Diodorus. Xenophon (Hellen. v. 13.) gives a different representation of them. A reasonable explanation of the discrepancy will be found in Thirlwall's History of Greece," v. 11. There is also a doubt as to the name of the father of Amyntas II. Justin (1. c.) and Ælian (V. H. xii. 43.) call him Menelaus; the chronologist Dexippus styles him Aridæus. Amyntas the | Francis the First's sister, the Princess Marguerite. While he held that office, he extended his literary reputation by translations from Heliodorus and Plutarch; and, having apparently by this time entered the church, he was entrusted, in 1551, with a delicate mission to the Council of Trent, which he discharged with so happy a mixture of boldness and dexterity as to earn the character of a skilful diplomatist and man of business. Possessing such a combination of accomplishments, he had excellent claims to the appointment which he received about the year 1558, as tutor to Henry the Second's sons, (afterwards Charles IX. and Henry III.); and, contriving to retain the favour of his royal pupils as they successively ascended the throne, he continued, during the remainder of his life, to receive one lucrative and dignified office after another. His most considerable preferments were, the post of grand almoner of France, conferred upon him in 1560, and the bishopric of Auxerre, to which he was raised in 1570. During this most prosperous period of his life, he is represented as having exhibited a rapacity in son of Philip mentioned by Thucydides (ii. 95.) is a different person from Amyntas II., though supposed by the Scholiast to be the same. (Diodorus, xiv. 89. 92. xv. 19. 60.; schines, Fals. Legat. p. 31.; Isocrates, Archid. p. 125.; Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, v. 11. 161.; Clinton, Fasti Hellen, vol. ii., Append. p. 225.) R. W-n. AMYNTAS III., the son of Perdiccas III. brother of the great Philip of Macedon, and the grandson of Amyntas II., can hardly be called a king of MACEDONIA, though he was legitimately entitled to the crown. On the death of his father (B. C. 359) Amyntas III. was left an infant and the rightful heir to the throne. Consequently Philip did not immediately assume the title of king, but acted at first as a guardian and regent for his nephew till his plans were matured, when he openly set him aside, and ascended the throne. Amyntas afterwards married a daughter of Philip, named Cynane. He was put to death on a charge of being concerned in a plot against the life of his cousin, Alexander the Great, a short time before the latter left Macedonia for Asia. This is the same Amyntas to whom Plutarch alludes (Alex-seeking wealth, and a parsimony in using it, andri Magni Fortuna, i. 327.). (Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, v. 166. 177. vi. 99.; Justin, vii. 5.; Q. Curtius, vi. 9.; Polyænus, viii. 60.; Photius, Biblioth. Cod. 92.) R. W-n. AMYNTIA NUS (AμUTIavós), a Greek historian who lived in the reign of the Emperor Marcus Antoninus, to whom he dedicated a work on the life of Alexander the Great. In the introduction he promised in his style to equal the grandeur of the exploits of his hero; but Photius censures his style, and also remarks that many important matters were omitted in the work. For these reasons, Photius gives no extracts from it, but merely notices some other works by the same author, such as parallel biographies (Bioi #apáλλŋλoi) of the elder Dionysius and the Emperor Domitian, in two books, of Philip of Macedonia and Augustus, likewise in two books, and a separate life of Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great. (Photius, Biblioth. Cod. cxxxi.) The scholiast on Pindar (Olymp. iii. 52.) mentions a work on elephants by one Amyntianus, who is perhaps the same person as Amyntianus the historian. L. S. AMYOT, JAQUES, is chiefly known in our times for the high merit which belongs to him as having been one of the most distinguished among those early writers of French prose, whose works gave consistency and elegance to the modern language. He was born at Melun in 1513; and, overcoming, it is said, formidable obstacles interposed by poverty, studied successively at Paris and at Bourges. His first preferment was the professorship of Greek and Latin in the university of Bourges, an appointment obtained for him through the patronage of 66 which, as well as his readiness of wit, the memoirs of the time depict in several characteristic anecdotes. Upon one occasion, when he asked from Charles IX. a new abbacy, in addition to several which he already held, the king demurred to granting the application: Did you not once assure me," he asked, "that your ambition would be quite satisfied with a revenue of a thousand crowns?" "True, sire," replied the bishop, "but there are some appetites which grow as you feed them." Amyot died at the seat of his diocese in 1593, leaving a fortune which, for the times, was very considerable. Amyot's genuine works, principally translations into French from the classical tongues, are the following: 1. A translation of Heliodorus's Greek Romance, Theagenes 66 and Chariclea.” Paris, 1547, fol., 1549, 8vo.; an amended translation made from better manuscripts, in 1559, fol. &c. &c. 2. A translation of seven books of Diodorus Siculus, being from the eleventh to the seventeenth inclusive. Paris, 1554, fol., 1587, fol. 3. A translation of Longus's Greek romance, 66 Daphnis and Chloe." 1559, 8vo. &c. &c. 4. Translations of the Parallel Lives and Moral Treatises of Plutarch. The first appearance of any of these translations seems to have been the edition of the Lives published at Paris in 1544, 4 vols. folio. The following are named as the earliest of the subsequent Parisian editions: "Les Vies," 1559, 2 vols. fol.; "Les Vies et les Euvres Morales," 1565-1575, 4 vols. fol., and 15671574, 13 vols. small 8vo. Modern Parisian editions of the complete works of Plutarch in Amyot's translation, are those of 1784, 18 vols. 8vo.; 1783-1787, by Brotier and Vau villiers, 22 vols. 8vo.; 1801-1806, the same edition improved by Clavier, 25 vols. 8vo.; and an edition in 1810-1812, 16 vols. 8vo. No difference of opinion has ever arisen with regard to the merit of these celebrated translations as specimens of old French style. But the learning and accuracy of the translator have been repeatedly questioned. Some of the most severe of the animadversions are cited, with an expression of partial dissent, by Dacier ("Les Vies de Plutarque, t. i. p. ix. -xv. 1721). For the charge against him of having read his Plutarch chiefly in Latin and Italian there does not seem to be any ground: the best modern critics of the author seem to admit the assertions which Amyot makes in his two prefaces, that he had not only studied the original Greek with diligence, but had collated several manuscripts for the purpose of amending the text. (See Reiske's Plutarch, vol. i. p. xxxv. Leipzig, 1774). The best judges have recognized the translation as being in general accurate, and the number of errors is not greater than that which might have been expected in the execution of a task so extensive and so difficult. Probably, however, there is much truth in the assertion that the bishop owed a good deal to the critical advice of Turnebus and other contemporary scholars, and perhaps a little likewise to Xylander's Latin translation. At all events there is some reason for the remark upon which that suspicion is partly rested, namely, that the easiest passages of Plutarch, where Amyot may be presumed to have relied upon his own scholarship, are often worse translated than some of the most difficult, in which it is inferred that he consulted his learned friends. The old English Plutarch of Sir Thomas North (1579, fol.), in which Shakspeare studied Roman history, is an avowed translation, not from the original, but from the French of Amyot. 5. "Lettre à M. de Morvillier," being an account of the author's mission to Trent; in the memoirs of the council by Vargas, in the memoirs by Dupuy, and in Pithou's" Ecclesiæ Gallicanæ Status," 1594. 6." Projet de l'Eloquence Royale composé pour Henry III.," not printed till 1805, 8vo. and 4to. (Moreri, Dictionnaire, art. Amyot;" Niceron, Memoires, t.iv. p. 45 -57.; Bayle, Dictionnaire, art." Amyot ;" Baillet, Jugemens des Sçavans, t. iii. p. 521. No. 935.; Teissier, Eloges des Hommes Savans, t. iv. p. 122. 1715.) W. S. 66 AMYOT, JOSEPH. [AMIOT.] AMYRAUT (his Latinized name is Amyraldus), MOSES, an eminent French Protestant divine, of an ancient family, was born at Bourgueil in Touraine, in September, 1596. His father, intending him for the legal profession, of which some of his near relations were members, sent him to the college of Poitiers, where he applied to the law with great diligence. At this time his thoughts were turned in another direction by his countryman, M. Bouchereau, the Protestant pastor of the church of Saumur, who advised him to study divinity. The perusal of the Institutes of Calvin having also inspired a taste and awakened the desire for theological inquiries, he determined to act upon his friend's suggestion. He immediately communicated his purpose to his father, who reluctantly acceded to his wishes. Amyraut now entered with great zeal upon his theological studies at Saumur; and being in due course admitted a minister, was placed over the church of St. Aignan in the province of Maine. After a residence of eighteen months at St. Aignan, he removed to Saumur, where he became the successor in the pastoral office of M. Daillé, who had settled at Charenton. In 1633, soon after his removal to Saumur, the Academic Council appointed him professor of divinity in the university of that city, Lewis Cappel and Joshua de la Place being chosen at the same period to occupy other professors' chairs. It is stated as a circumstance by no means common in academic history, that these learned persons felt for one another the most cordial esteem, and lived on terms of intimate friendship. Amyraut, being deputed in 1631 to attend the Synod of Charenton, was chosen by that body to appear on their behalf before the king, to convey to him their remonstrances against certain infractions of the edicts of pacification made in favour of the Protestants. It was then the rule at the French court that the Protestants, when they appeared in the royal presence, should address the king on their knees. Amyraut, on his own suggestion, was instructed by the synod to procure the abolition of this ceremony. When he applied for an audience with the king, he explained to the secretary of state and to Cardinal Richelieu the nature of his instructions. They at first remonstrated, and the king seemed inexorable. Amyraut, however, managed the affair with so much address, that he won over the cardinal, and he was permitted to appear in the royal presence and to make his address standing, according to the form observed by the Roman Catholic clergy. Richelieu was so much pleased with the temper and ability displayed on this occasion by Amyraut, that he ever afterwards treated him with great respect. A Roman Catholic of distinction having, in a friendly conversation, in the presence of Amyraut, objected to the doctrine of predestination as stated by Calvin, he immediately undertook its vindication, and published a treatise upon the subject, in which he laboured to reconcile the predestinarianism of the Genevese reformer with the doctrine of universal grace. This work, which was charitably meant to conciliate parties who were thought to be only apparently divided, produced an extraordinary ebullition of in |