ordered to report; but Riquet undertook the works with an express provision allowing him to depart from the line traced by the chevalier whenever it was found advisable. Andreossy now completed his plans and estimates, and the work began in good earnest.

The foundation stone of the lock at the mouth of the canal on the Garonne had been laid with great pomp as early as 1667. The royal edict for its construction had been issued in 1666. By this ordinance Riquet undertook to complete the undertaking in fourteen years. The lands and funds required for the construction of the canal were erected into a fief, which was declared hereditary in perpetuity in his family. Andreossy was appointed principal engineer. In 1669 he published a map of the projected canal dedicated to the king. In 1680 Riquet died. After his death the whole charge of superintending and completing the works devolved upon Andreossy, in the character of special director. The navigation of the canal was opened in 1681. In 1684 D'Aguesseau, intendant of the province of Languedoc, Gilade, director-general, and Mourgues, a Jesuit, inspector of the canal, a commission nominated for the purpose, embarked on the canal at Thau, and navigated it to the Garonne, examining the whole of the works. They decided that the family Riquet had amply fulfilled the engagements of their father, and letters-patent were accordingly issued confirming their hereditary proprietary right over the canal.

Andreossy published in 1682 a map of the completed canal. He continued to be employed as resident engineer on the canal, charged with the necessary inspections and repairs, till his death, which took place on the 3d of June, 1688. It is said that papers in the possession of his descendants show that chagrin, occasioned by inadequately requited services, hastened his death. A controversy was raised about the beginning of the present century as to the relative claims of Andreossy and Riquet to the merit of suggesting the canal of Languedoc: the dispute is a very idle one the merits of these two eminent men are quite different. To Riquet belongs the merit of having foreseen the great economical importance of such a canal; to have secured the co-operation of so able an engineer as Andreossy; to have defeated the court intrigues which threatened to entrust the task to incapable hands; and to have conducted successfully all the negotiations necessary for the acquisition of lands and the raising of funds. The merit of Riquet is that of a statesman and financier. The merit of Andreossy, on the other hand, is that of an ingenious mathematician, who even before he acquired practical knowledge of engineering, struck out a plausible plan of a canal; who had sagacity to feel his own deficiencies, and remove them by studying the hydraulic

works of Italy; and genius and perseverance to mature, by long years of labour, the plan of a canal which forms an epoch in the history of canal-making; and practical skill to execute his own conceptions. That some coldness did at one time exist between these two widely different intellects, so happily associated, cannot be denied. Many of Andreossy's papers show that he felt acutely that his name had not been made more prominent. A letter addressed by Riquet to Colbert, in 1670, shows that he was offended by Andreossy's publication of a plan of the canal in the preceding year. The anxiety of the engineer to establish his reputation as an inventor had revealed prematurely the intentions of the contractor. In the letter to Colbert, Riquet expresses his intention to dispense in future with the services of Andreossy; but he did not put his threat into execution. In all Andreossy's writings the claim of Riquet to the honour of projecting a canal is either expressly or tacitly admitted in none of Riquet's is Andreossy's claim to be considered the inventor of the canal actually executed called in question. The associates differed in their estimate of the share of the honour and profits of the enterprise, which was in equity due to each, as will always be the case in such alliances of a wealthy and enterprising speculator with a poor man of scientific genius and acquirements; but neither called in question the high desert of the other: this folly was reserved for the family vanity of their descendants. (Andreossy, Histoire du Canal du Midi; Trainé, Essai Historique sur les Etats Généraux de Languedoc.) W. W.

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ANDREOZZI, ANNA, the wife of Gaetano Andreozzi, was born of a highly respectable family at Florence named De Santi. In 1791 she first appeared on the stage in her native city, and successively at the principal Italian theatres. In 1801 she sung at Dresden with great success, and in the following year, on her return from Pillnitz, where she had been for the purpose of hearing Madame Paer, the carriage in which Signora Andreozzi travelled was upset, and she was killed on the spot. E. T.

ANDREOZZI, GAETA'NO, an Italian dramatic composer, was born at Naples in 1763. He was admitted, when a boy, into the conservatorio of La Pietà dei Turchini, and finished his studies under Jomelli, who was his relation. Ilis first compositions were cantatas for one and two voices; and he had scarcely ceased to be a pupil, when, in 1779, his first opera, "La Morte di Cesare," was brought out at Rome. From this time to 1783 he wrote nine operas for the theatres of Rome, Florence, Turin, Milan, Leghorn, Genoa, and Venice. These obtained him a reputation so extensive, that he received a very liberal proposal to visit St. Petersburg, where he went in 1784, and produced his

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operas "Didone" and "Giasonne e Medea." On his return to Italy, he published six quartets for two violins, viola, and violoncello. In 1787 he brought out his opera Virginia" at Rome, but with little success. He therefore returned to his native city, where he occupied himself in teaching singing, and where he wrote for the theatre of San Carlo, his Sesostri" and Sofronia e Olinda." In 1790 he composed his oratorio "Saulle," and his operas "Il finto Cieco" and La Principessa filosofa." The following year he was invited to Madrid, where he produced his " Gustavo Re di Suezia," and, on his return to Naples, his oratorio," La Passione di Gesu Christo." His next opera, "Giovanna d'Arco," was written for the Venetian theatre; and although in the prime of life, he now abandoned composition and devoted himself wholly to teaching. Among his pupils were the members of the royal family, and especially the princess, who afterwards became duchess of Berri. As he grew old he was neglected, and sunk into poverty; in the hope of being remembered and assisted by his former pupil, he visited Paris in 1825. Nor was he disappointed. But he did not long enjoy the support which she afforded him, for his death happened at Paris in December, 1826.

Andreozzi was a composer of little genius and little erudition, but he possessed that facility of producing music which it costs as little effort to understand as to create, and which is therefore welcome to many, perhaps to most hearers. (Fetis, Biographie Universelle des Musiciens.) E. T. ANDRE'S, ANTO'NIO, a Franciscan monk who lived at the end of the thirteenth and beginning of the fourteenth centuries. He was a native of the city of Tauste in the kingdom of Aragon. He was a staunch defender of the doctrine of his teacher Joannes Duns Scotus, and has been considered as the most faithful and profound of all his commentators. The agreeable manner in which he conveyed the doctrine of his preceptor procured him the title of "Doctor Dulcifluus." He was living in the year 1320. He left the following works:- - 1. "Commentarius in Artem veterem Aristotelis, scilicet, in Isagogen Porphyrii, Prædicamenta et post Prædicamenta Aristotelis" ("Commentaries on the Isagoge of Porphyrius," &c.), Venice, 1477, fol. 2. "Quæstiones super XII Libros Metaphysica" ("Questions on the twelve Books of Metaphysics" [of Aristotle]), Venice, 1491, fol. 3. "In quatuor Libros Sententiarum" ("On the four Books of Sentences" [of Petrus Lombardus]), Venice, 1572 and 1578, fol. In addition to these Samaniego mentions 4. On the Book of the Divisions of Boethius. 5. Of the three Principles. 6. On the eight Books of Physics [of Aristotle]. 7. On the ancient Logic of Aristotle. 8. On the

six Principles of G. Porretanus. 9. On the Books of the περὶ Ερμηνείας of Aristotle. (N. Antonius, Bibliotheca Hispana Vetus, ii. 142.; Latassa, Biblioteca antigua de los Escritores Aragoneses, i. 279.; Samaniego, Vida del venerable Padre Joan Dunsio Escoto, 258.) J. W. J.

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ANDRE'S, CARLOS, the brother of Juan Andres the Jesuit, was born in the city of Planes in Valencia in the year 1753. He studied philosophy and jurisprudence in the university of that city, and having taken his degree in law with great credit, became a member of the Colegio de Abogados of Valencia, and afterwards of that of Madrid, to which latter city he went in the year 1780. Here his great abilities and extensive learning procured him the friendship of the most distinguished literati, and the Count de Floridablanca committed to him the charge of translating into Spanish the work of his more celebrated brother Juan, Dell' Origine, de' Progressi, e dello Stato attuale d'ogni Letteratura," which the King of Spain had ordered to be taught in the Reales Estudios of San Isidro. After many years spent in the practice of his profession, he retired to Valencia, and the king, Charles IV., conferred upon him the situation of judge (Oidor) of the Real Audiencia of Mallorca. This post he subsequently resigned. In the year 1811 he became a member of the Cortes, and for more than two years that the sittings lasted he distinguished himself as a powerful advocate in favour of the crown, and all that might tend to the well-being of religion and the state. He retired altogether from public life in 1813, and died on the 5th of January, 1820. His works are 1. "Carta sobre la Utilidad de los Catalogos de Libros y Manuscritos de varias Librerias y Archivos, insertando otra del Abate su Hermano sobre el mismo Asunto" (" Letter on the Utility of the Catalogues of Books and Manuscripts of various Libraries, together with another by the Abate his Brother (Juan Andres) on the same Subject"), Valencia, 1799, 8vo. 2. A translation into Spanish of his brother's work, "On the Cause of the slow Progress of Science," &c. Madrid, 1783, 8vo. 3. A translation into Spanish of his brother's "Letter on the Origin and Changes in the Art of teaching the Deaf and Dumb to speak," Madrid, 1794, 8vo. 4. A translation into Spanish of his brother's Catalogue of the Manuscripts of the Capilupi Library of Mantua," Valencia, 1799, 8vo. 5. The translation above referred to, of J. Andres' great work, On the Origin. Progress, and present State of every Class of Literature," 10 vols. Madrid, 1784-1806, 4to. (Fuster, Biblioteca Valenciana, ii. 410.) J. W. J.

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ANDRE'S, DOMINGO, a poet of considerable local reputation, was a native of Alcañiz, and lived at the end of the sixteenth century. No circumstance worth recording

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is stated of him except that he embraced the military profession, and that, according to Ignacio de Asso, he was an elegant Latin poet. He must not be confounded with Domingo Andres, the lieutenant of Alcañiz, who died in 1592, as it appears from one of his poems that he was living in 1594. His works are 1. "Anthropolytroseos Lib. VII.” This is a poem on the redemption of mankind. 2. "Dos Elegios sobre el Nacimiento y Muerte de Cristo" ("Two Elegies on the Birth and Death of Christ"). 3. "De Petro Archi-Apostolo, Liber unus" ("Of Peter the Arch-Apostle"). 4. "De Jacobo et Joanne Cebedeis Fratribus, Liber unus ("Of James and John," &c.). 5. "De novissimo Judicio, Liber unus" ("Of the latest Judgment," &c.). 6. " Poecilistichon, sive variorum Libri V.” (“Five Books of various Poems") From these I. de Asso selected several, which he inserted in his work "Clarorum Aragonensium Monumenta " ("Monuments of celebrated Aragonese"), Amsterdam, 1786, p. 1-30. 8. A collection of Latin poems preserved in the Dominican convent of Alcañiz. (Blasco de Lanuza, Historias Ecclesiasticas y Seculares de Aragon, i. 529, 530.; N. Antonius, Bibliotheca Hispana Nova, i. 327.; Latassa, Biblioteca de los Escritores Aragoneses, i. 563.) J. W. J. ANDRE'S DE GU'SSEME, TOMAS. This writer is described as advocate of the reales consejos, corregidor of the city of Arcos, assistente and justicia mayor of the city of Marchena in Andalusia, and a member of the royal academies of history and belles lettres of Seville. The time and place of his birth are not known, but his death appears to have taken place about the year 1773. His works are - 1. "Diccionario Numismatico general, para la perfecta Inteligencia de las Medallas antiguas, sus Signos, Notas e Inscripciones," &c. (“General Numismatic Dictionary for the perfect Understanding of ancient Medals, their Marks and Inscriptions"), 6 vols. Madrid, 1773-1777, 4to. Notwithstanding Brunet calls this work" peu estimé," it may claim the merit of being the earliest publication of its kind; the first effort to arrange in alphabetical order all that relates to the subject of numismatics. The author did not live to see more than the first volume published. The entire work was printed at the expense of the Duke of Arcos: the editor in the preface to the second volume promises a seventh with a memoir of the author, but it does not appear that this promise was ever fulfilled. 2. "6 Desconfianzas criticas sobre algunos Monumentos de Antigüedad que se suponen descubiertos en Granada" ("Critical Doubts on some Monuments of Antiquity alleged to have been discovered in Granada"). 3. "Noticias pertenecientes á la Historia antigua y moderna de la Villa de Lora del Rio en Andalucia" (" Notices relating to the

ancient and modern History of the City of Lora del Rio in Andalusia"), printed in the first volume of the "Literary Memoirs of the Academy of Belles Lettres of Seville." He read also before the academy a funeral eloge on Ferdinand VI., and geographical reflections on some unpublished antiquities of Bætica. (Sempere y Guarinos, Biblioteca Española de los mejores Escritores del Reynado de Carlos III. tit. " Gusseme.") J. W. J.

ANDRE'S, ISIDO'RÓ FRANCISCO, was born at Saragossa in the year 1708. He was educated in the Cistercian monastery of Nuestra Señora de Santa Fé, two leagues from Saragossa, and afterwards joined the order. He was remarkable for his piety and learning, and much attached to the study of belles lettres and poetry. He was master of his congregation, preacher to the king, Philip V., synodal examiner of the dioceses of the archbishop of Toledo and the bishops of Albarracin and Solsona, theologian of the papal nuncio in Spain, and examiner of his apostolic tribunal. In 1761 the king nominated him to the consistorial abbey of the royal monastery of Nuestra Señora de la Oliva at Saragossa, where he remained until his death, on the 22d of November, 1785. He preached a great deal, and many of his principal discourses were published between the years 1737 and 1757. He also wrote "Reprobacion de la Aprobacion. Defensa critica y Expresion apologetica enque se demuestre el debido Uso del Titulo conque se nombran los Monges, venerando siempre elque practican los Mendicantes" ("Defence of the Use of the Title, Don, by the Monks," &c.), Saragossa, 1733, 4to.; and several poetical pieces, which were never published, but are spoken of favourably by Latassa. (Latassa, Biblioteca nueva de los Escritores Aragoneses, v. 394-398.) J. W. J.

ANDRE'S, JOHANN BONAVENTU'RA, an ex-Jesuit, was born at Nürnberg in 1744. After the suppression of his order he continued to devote himself to the duties of instruction, and in 1785 was nominated to the professorship of sacred eloquence and of Greek and Latin literature in the university of Würzburg. He was made a member of the commission of education in 1793, ecclesiastical counsellor in 1795, and professor of Pedagogik and Homiletik in 1803. He died on the 16th of May, 1822. His works are -1. "Chrestomathia Quintiliana" (" A Selection of Pieces from Quintilian "), Würzburg, 1782, 8vo. In the following year he published a similar selection in German under the title "Quinctiliani Pädagogik und Didaktik." 2. "The Prædium Rusticum of Vanière, with a German translation," 2 vols. Würzburg, 1788, 8vo. 3. "The Fables of Desbillons, with a German translation," Würzburg, 1789, 8vo. 4. "Vanierii Carmina minora selecta") ("Select minor Poems of Vanière") Würzburg, 1791, 8vo. 5. "Archiv für Kirchen