from this terrible butchery. At two in the afternoon the Ruffians took poffeffion of the centre of the town; and at four o'clock, after the moft bloody affault that has been known for. many ages, they were perfect mafters of the place.

As the town had been taken by affault, the pillage of it for three days was given up, according to promife, to the fuldiers; and this last act could not pafs without much bloodfhed, becaufe many of the Turks preferred the lofs of their lives to the lofs of their property.'

On the morrow after the maffacre, a folemn service was performed in honour of it, in the conventual church of St. John, at which were prefent all the generals, with the greater: part of the état-major, and the officers of high rank.

Mutual congratulations and embraces, with tears of joy, abounded. Each looked upon his own life, and that of his friend, as a gift from heaven; and each attributed to the particular favour of Providence his cfcape from fo many dan gers.'

The Turks loft on this fatal occafion 33,000 men, either killed on the fpot or mortally wounded, and about 10,000 pri foners. Six thousand women and children, 2000 Chriftians of Moldavia and Armenia, and above 500 Jews, were also carried away captive. The wealth which fell into the hands of the Ruffians was eftimated at ten millions of piafires, The lofs of the Ruffians amounted only to 1830 dead, and 2500 wounded. In January 1791, Suworow went to Petersburg, where he was received by the empress with the strongest marks of fatisfaction, and named lieutenant-colonel of the Preobrafcheki guards; and a large medal was ftruck, both in 'gold and filver, in honour of the day at Ifmael.

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The general's attention was now called to the fide of Sweden, where he merited an honourable compliment from the mouth of his fovereign, who, on his return to Peters burg, addrefied him in thefe words: You have made me a prefent of a new port, and, on the day of cele brating the peace between Ruffia and Turkey, the allowed hin the difpotal of a military order of St. George, of the fecond clafs, and gave him a ring as a mark of her imperial benevolence. 20

The feafon of repofe was come; but the repofe of Suworow was only a change from one fpecies of active life to another. He was employed in exercifing the troops under his command, in running over the Crimea, and infpecting for tifications in various parts of the empire. The tumults of Poland in 1794 called him again into real-action; he made thole marches which feemed almost incredible, and the feat

tered forces of the Poles heard of the flaughter of one, body: at the inftant when the name of Suworow proclaimed to. them the certainty of a fimilar fate. After much bloodshedhe reached Praga, a fuburb of Warfaw, and his army, di-: vided into feven columns, proceeded, at three o'clock of the morning, to renew the memory of the fcenes at Ifinael. At. five the fatal fignal was given for the affault; the Ruffians' overcame every difficulty; the blood flowed in torrents in every ftreet.

The moft horrible scene was the maffacre of fome thoufands of men, ftopped in their flight on the banks of the Viftula. Three thousand four hundred were made prifoners, the reft were stabbed by the bayonet, or drowned in the river, under the eyes of the inhabitants of Warfaw, who in vain ftretched out their hands for their deliverance.

As fo great a number of men, however, were made prifoners in the heat of action, we cannot call in queftion the moderation of the conquerors; and this fact being established, annihilated at length the outrageous calculations and declamations in pamphlets, which, by doubling the number of the dead, attempted to tarnish the glory of the Rufhan general. Befides, if justice were compatible with the fpirit of party, the writers who have lamented the fate of Poland would have obferved that it is feldom in the power of the commander to fufpend or avert the impetuofity of foldiers in the confufion, much lefs in the rage of an affault, and ftill lefs in an affault like that of Prague, where the greater part of the Ruffians were enraged at the recollection of their loffes in the infurrection at Warfaw in 1793-'

At nine in the morning the affault was completed, and at noon there was no firing to be heard in the place; the Poles. left 13,000 of the flower of their youth dead in the streets; more than 2000 were drowned in the Vistula, and the number of prifoners nearly equaled that of the dead. The af-, failants had only 22,000 men under arms, of whom 580 were killed, and 160 wounded.

Seven days after, the general made his triumphal entry into Warfaw; and, taking the keys prefented to him by the magiftrates, he raised them to his lips, and lifting his eyes to heaven, exclaimed, thank thee, Almighty God, that thou haft not made me pay fo great a price for thefe keys, as" .... he would have faid, for thofe of Praga; but, when he turned his eyes to that fuburb, his voice failed, and he burst into tears. The freets and windows were crowded withfpectators; on all fides were heard the thouts of joy; and long life to Catharine! long lite to Suworow! were the triumphant 2 P.4. des

founds of the former fubjects of Stanislaus, the blood of whose brethren was ftill recking in their fight. The procef fion stopped at the cathedral, where the general again offered up his prayers to the Almighty; and after paffing through the greater part of the city, he took up his quarters at a mall hotel, whence, on the next day, he went, contrary to his ufual custom, in great pomp, with the infignia of all his orders, to pay his compliments to the unfortunate Staniflaus, who was ftill permitted to retain the title and outward appearances of majesty.

The Poles now univerfally fubmitted to the Ruffian arms; and the

• Dispatch with which Suworow had terminated this war was highly applauded at Petersburg. The empress announc ed to him, under her own hand, that she had conferred on him the rank of field-marfhal. Suworow, conftant to his principles of religion, did not allow himself to receive these marks of his new rank till he had begged a bleffing in church: the day before, he received the order of the red and black eagle from Berlin. The German emperor foon after fent him his portrait enriched with diamonds; and, befides, his own emprefs prefented to him an eftate, with 7000 flaves of both fexes, in the diftrict of Kobrin, where he had gained the first victory on the opening of this campaign.'

In the beginning of December 1796, he returned to Petersburg, and was received by the emprefs with every mark of diftinction; and thefe memoirs leave him in repofe for a few years, till he led his troops into Italy; and report only had announced to the writer new victories, and the reduction of Milan.

We have thus given our readers a fketch of the principal events recorded in thefe volumes, which, in the detail, afford many ufeful leffons to one who is to rife to the head of armies; and if they are not embellifhed by any beauties of narration, any attempts to excite the fofter feelings of the human mind, or any traits of heroic valour, which are le lated of the Cæfars and the Scipios of ancient days, or the chivalrous knights of later times, they prefent to us the picture of a strong mind in a ftrong body, whofe joint exertions command our admiration; and as far as horror is a fource of the fublime, no life, perhaps, in ancient or modern days, affords fuch copious topics, from which the imagination may engender the fublimeft fcenes, as thefe campaigns of the Ruf fian hero. In fome points, his example cannot be too frongly recommended to every foldier. In the time of peace, he was always preparing for war. He kept földiers and officers in continual exercife. He made his profeffion

his tudy, by day and night. His foldiers were in peace accustomed to long marches, hot on turnpike-roads, but in the wildest countries; they carried fafcines, filled up ditches, and forced their way up apparently-impaffable heights. Thus he knew, at all times, how far he could depend upon his men; and the latter, feeing their commander continually among them, tharing the fame fatigues, placed in him unbounded confidence. He therefore never hesitated in attack ing an enemy of far fuperior force; and the event proved, that a small, brave, and well difciplined force, under a fkilful general, would generally triumph over a large army of holiday foldiers.

Introduction à l'Etude des Monumens Antiques. Par A. L. Millin. 8vo. Paris.

Introduction to the Study of Ancient Monuments.

WHEN M. Millin, the ingenious author of this work, firft began a courfe of lectures on the ftudy of archeology or antiquities, feveral of his auditors expreffed their defire of having a manual or introductory effay, which might affift them in the profecution of their ftudies, and direct their attention to the proper objects of their refearches.

The work before us is exactly what they could defire, and fuch as might be expected from an antiquary of M. Millin's learning and ingenuity. He endeavours, however, in the first page, to eftablish a difference between the words archæology and antiquities (when ufed to exprefs a branch of study), which we cannot readily admit; for, if the true fenfe of the Greek adjective agxaios be confidered, there will not be found any thing in antiquity which the compound agxanhyia may not, in a general manner, exprefs. Our author, by the word archæology, means the ftudy of antiquities in their various branches; a study of which he demonftrates the utility in fome introductory pages. He then proceeds (page 12), to divide archæology into two principal parts, viz.

1. A knowledge of the manners and customs of the ançients.

2. A knowledge of the monuments of antiquity.

The first department he fubdivides into three claffes, viz. the religious, the civil, and the military cuftoms: these are explained by monuments, the objects reprefented on which are to be afcertained and illuftrated by the attentive perufal of the ancient historians, orators, and, above all, of the poets.

The fecond divifion, or the study of monuments, our ay

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thor denominates archeographia; and he arranges it in nine. claffes; these are,

1. Edifices or confiderable buildings.

2. Paintings.

3. Sculptures, or ftatues, bufts, reliefs, &c.

4. Engravings on gems, &c.

5. Mofaicks.

6. Vases.

7. Inftruments.

8. Medals.

9. Infcriptions.

All of thefe poffefs their refpective merits; but the engraven gems, in M Millin's opinion (p. 15), are the most useful. Their hardness has enabled them to refift the friction of other bodies, or the heat of fire, and their minutenefs has preserved them from the depredations of barbarifim. Whilft medals are expofed to gradual attrition, and ftatues are obnoxious to the injuries of weather, gems preferve in the state of original incision the features of illuftrious perfonages; fymbolic, hieroglyphical, or alphabetical characters; and the figures of plants, animals, and inftruments, which ferve to illuftrate the hiftory of fcience among the ancients. On gems alfo may be fometimes found the miniature reprefentation of ftatues, even groupes, of which the originals have, long fince, been loft.

However experienced in the ftudy of archeology, or the knowledge of ancient fculptures and other works of arts, M. Millin acknowledges that connoiffeurs may be, and daily are, deceived. Among thofe who moft happily unitate the exquifite productions of antiquity, he has not omitted the: name of our ingenious countryman Mr. Wedgewood. The great Winckelman himself was deceived by a picture of his friend Cafanova, which he pronounced to be a genuine an-: tique.

M. Millin attributes the prefervation of many precious monuments of the claffic ages to religious fuperftition, which changed prophane into Chriftian or fcriptural fubjects. The ftatue of Ifis has been often exhibited as a reprefentation of the Virgin Mary, holding her fon on her lap, Valentinian was called St. Louis. The apotheofis of Germanicus was the conveyance of St. John the Baptiff to heaven; and the triumph of Tiberius was the proceffion of Jofeph.

Our author juftly cenfures the revolutionary fanaticism which has, within a few years, defroyed fo many ancient fculptures, as being objects of religious worship.

The neceffity of ftudying literary hiftory is proved by M. Millin (p. 31, &c.); and he furnithes the young antiquary with a catalogue and fhert account of the most useful and