right one of the conical emblems-beneath the figure a straight scalloped line.

This, specimen is unique, the obverse in fine preservation; the reverse a little defaced.

Fig. 12 Obverse. Helmed head.

Reverse. Two horsemen in charge. Legend BAZIAENZ META

An unique specimen-form oval :-although the name is not to be found here, from the horsemen on the reverse, and the epithet, we can have no doubt of its belonging to "Eucratides the Great*."

Fig. 13, Obverse. Bearded bust, with fillet or wreath around the head, a palm branch or similar emblem projecting from behind the neck. Greek legend ΦΟΡΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΛΑΚΙΔΟΥ.

....

Reverse. Two conical emblems, with two palm branches, Legend Pehlevi.
Monogram K.

Fig. 14, Obverse.

Bust-legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΝΙΚΗΦΟΡΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΛΑΚΙΔΟΥ.

Reverse. As preceding-monogram obliterated.

These are two from eight copper quadrangular coins in my possession. The first is of very spirited design, and the venerable features of the king are those of a Homer or a Socrates. The beard on these coins is somewhat singular, as it is not observed on the coins of the early Greek princes. The legends are in pure Greek characters. The conical emblems on the reverse, we have, as noted before, been so fortunate to discover on a single coin of EUCRATIDES, proving that they are Bactrian. On two other coins we have distinctly the monogram A.

AUSIUS.

Fig. 15, Obverse. Bearded bust, with wreath round the head-hair terminating in a pad-palm branch projecting from behind the neck. Greek legend. ΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΙΚΗΙ. . . . ΥΣΙΟΥ.

Reverse.

Fig. 16, Obverse.

Figure of elephant-legend Pehlevi.

Bearded bust, as preceding. Greek legend BAZIAEQE ANIKH-
ΡΟΥΤ ΑΥΣΙΟΥ.

Reverse. Figure of elephant-legend Pehlevi-monogram A.

These are two from six copper quadrangular coins in my possession-all of fine workmanship and design-the legends are in pure Greek characters. I read the name AUSIUS; should the first letter by any chance be A in lieu of A, it will become LUSIUS, equally a Grecian name. It is curious that the monograms on these coins should be the same with those on some of ANTILAKIDES; it may be that the year expressed by AΣ was the last of the reign of ANTILAKIDES, and the first of that of AUSIUS, who from his aged features will not have been the son, but the brother, of the former, a supposition which the great resemblance in features, similarity of costume, &c. tend to confirm. The elephant on the reverse I suspect has no particular or mystical meaning: it was necessary to place some figure, and this was fixed upon, to let mankind know that the monarch was potent, and had such animals at command. The elephant, for like reasons, is to be seen on some of the coins of SELEUCUS, which I have procured at Bagdad. Why these two princes affected the beard and barbarian head-dress in preference to the warlike helms of * I have a similar coin, presented by Captain WADE, in which the name ETKPATIA.. is perfect.-ED.

† Probably ANIKHTOT, invicti.-ED.

the Bactrian princes, is difficult to decide, and although their high sounding epithets make us desirous of being better acquainted with them, I apprehend we shall only be enabled to allow them a limited sway in the regions south of the Caucasus ; probably, as I have hinted before, their capital was Alexandria ad Caucasum. Series 3.-AGATHOCLES.

Fig. 17, Obverse. Lion standing to the right. Greek legend BAZIAENE ATA

Reverse.

ΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ.

Female deity, with flower in right-hand. Legend Pehlevi. This is one of ten copper quadrangular coins in my possession. These coins, I presume, are sufficiently interesting; and fortunately, the pure Greek characters of the legend leave no doubt as to the name of the prince. The same AGATHOCLES occurs in history, having been borne by the celebrated tyrant of Sicily ;-by one of ALEXANDER's generals ;-and by his grandson, the illustrious son of LYSIMACHUS, king of Thrace, put to death by his father on account of the base and false information of his step-mother ARSINOE, the sister of PTOLEMY SOTER, king of Egypt. He was killed about 283 B. C. While we are at a loss to assign the epoch of the prince, whose coins we now consider, we may be assured that he flourished near that of the Bactrian dynasty, or ere the Greek arts and perspicuity of language had declined. The deity on the reverse has no positive marks by which to identify her. If it be a flower she holds in her hand, she may be Flora; if heads of wheat, she may be Ceres, or perhaps Proserpine the daugh. ter of Ceres ;-the evidence is too slight, however, even to authorize an opinion. PANTALEON.

Fig. 18, Obverse. Lion standing and facing to the right. Greek legend BAZIAENZ

ΠΑΝΤΑΛΕΟΝΤΟΣ.

Reverse. Female deity with flower in right-hand. Legend Pehlevi*. This is one of two copper quadrangular coins in my possession. The exact coincidence of the figures on the obverses and reverses make us fain to consider these coins as referring to the same prince as the preceding, notwithstanding the variation in the Greek legend. Pantaleon signifies in Greek" in all things a lion," that is, always brave. I know not whether to consider this term an epithet, or a name, nor do I remember whether as the latter it occurs in history. These coins have no monograms.

Fig. 19, Obverse.

Figure of lion standing to the left, over the back the character -under the head, another of this form, .

Reverse. Figure of elephant—over the back the character 8.

This is one from twenty copper quadrangular coins in my possession, the character noted on the reverse, not plain on the coin here represented, is supplied from another where it is distinct. These coins are mere massy lumps, the obverses struck with a square formed die in the bulk of the metal, the obverses rising in relief above the surface. It must be owned, that the absence of legends renders their appropriation difficult‡, and I have included them in this series only from the *The characters of the legend on this and on the following coin, resemble very closely those of the inscription on the Allahabad column, No. 1, (see page 112.) It will be important to trace them further.-ED.

A PANTALEON occurs as a king of Pisa, who presided at the Olympic Games B. C. 664.-ED.

Some light will I think be thrown on these coins by Captain CAUTLEY'S discovery near Seháranpur.-ED.

coincidences of the lion, the clumsy form of the coins, and the peculiarity to be observed in the sunken character ofthe obverses. The monogramical characters, it is feared, are too obscure to allow much to be gained from them.

Series 4.-Nysæan Princes, HERMÆUS I.

Fig. 20, Obverse. Bust with wreath around the head; hair dressed in curls, with fillets hanging down behind. Legend Greek, nearly obliterated.

Reverse. Figure of male deity, probably HERCULES, sitting on a throne, right hand extended and holding a wreath. Legend Pehlevi.

Monogram.

This is one from twenty-eight copper coins in my possession; it is represented here from the fine preservation of the bust, which enables us to become admirably acquainted with the features of the prince.

Fig. 21, Obverse.

Same as preceding. Greek legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ

ΕΡΜΑΙΟΥ.

Reverse. As preceding.

This is one of six copper coins of the same size, on which the whole of the legends are clear and distinct. On the larger coins they are always imperfect, from the dies having been too large for them. By a comparison of these also, no doubt remains as to the intended legend. The coins of this prince are remarkable for the fair execution of the bust; the Greek characters are pure, but vary in regularity of form on many specimens, as they may have been struck at various periods, and by different dies. The position of HERCULES on the reverse reminds us of the coins of EUTHYDEMUS. From every circumstance connected with these coins, we must place HERMÆUS very nigh the Bactrian epoch. In setting him at the head of the Nysæan princes, I must confess I have only negative grounds, and incidental conjectures. We cannot identify him with the Bactrian series; his name forbids it. That he was a prince of power and talent, his coins attest, and his portrait so happily preserved on them, convinces us. That he governed at Nysa is proved by his medals being found there; I therefore, in absence of more direct evidence, consider him a prince of Nysa, perhaps the founder of the dynasty there. All his coins agree in the same cast of features, those of a prince of fifty to sixty years of age. On a comparison of the Nysæan coins, we may suppose him the father of the youthful HERMÆUS, whom I call the 2nd ; and that his epoch was anterior to HERMÆUS, whom I call the 3rd, is evident from the decline in the execution of the coins of the last, and from the corruption of the Greek characters on their legends. The adoption of the same name by these three princes seems to prove a connection of descent and lineage, so does the figure HERCULES on the coins of HERMÆUS the 3rd. That this prince ruled at Nysa, we have the best evidence, because we have his sepulchral monument there.

HERMAUS II.

Fig. 22, Obverse. Bust with diadem, fillets depending behind. illegible.

Reverse.

Fig. 23, Obverse.

Greek legend,

Female deity (?)— legend Pehlevi-monogram ambiguous.
Bust as preceding. Greek legend, portion legible, O. XV

EPMAIOT.

Reverse. As preceding. Monogram .

These are two from ten copper coins of the same size and type in my possession, the legend on the obverse, had the size of the coins allowed its full exhibition, would obviously have been ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΣΕ ΕΡΜΑΙΟΥ.

These coins are well executed, the figures in good relief, and the artist has done justice to the features of the youthful king; there are some points of coin

cidence between these coins and those of HERMÆUS I. which deserve to be pointed out. The figure on the obverse, I could wish had been a male, (but fear it is not,) as its position agrees with that of HERCULES on the coins alluded to. The monogrammic characters agree on both, or nearly so, and the style of the Greek characters is precisely the same. Thus in the coins of the preceding series, we have noted the epithet THPOZ, has the O in the final syllable; in those of HERMÆUS I, we first note the substitution of, and it is continued in those before us. If the letters V be the epoch, we have 74 probably of the Nysæan dynasty. These would seem to require other sovereigns before HERMAEUS I. and if it be necessary, our conjectures may supply them.

....

Greek legend, portion legible

HERMÆUS III. Fig. 24, Obverse. Bust, with diadem and fillets. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ Σ ΤΗΡΟΣ ΕΡΜ Figure of HERCULES, with club. Legend Pehlevi. Bust, as preceding-Greek legend-the characters visible, confused from the use of dots or points at their angles.

Reverse. Fig. 25, Obverse.

These are two specimens from sixty copper coins of the same size and type in my possession, besides which I have seventy-six smaller ones. These coins display a decline in style and execution, although in neither point of view absolutely bad. The smaller specimens are much inferior, many of them even wretched. The difference in size between the dies and the coins, here also prevents us from obtaining any one specimen with the entire legend, but the letters EPM of the name distinct on a few, allow us to read the whole EPMAIOT as the preceding ones. On the reverses, the figure of HERCULES is not to be mistaken. The legend on these coins from a general comparison will appear to be ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ Σ ΤΗΡΟΣ ΣΕ ΕΡΜΑΙΟΥ. Η ΣΤΗΡΟΣ ΟΙ ΣΤΗΓΟΣΣΕ have no signification as an epithet, I may suggest that THP□ be read ΣNTHPOΣ and ME be understood as the epoch, which will be fortunate, as in numerals it will be 75, and the coins of HERMÆUS II. give us XV or 74*. That he died young may be inferred from our meeting with none of his coins on which he has a more aged appearance than the one found present. The coins now considered are very numerous. I am not quite certain whether we may not eventually find on some of them, other names than that of HERMÆUS. It is fortunate that the Pehlevi characters on the reverses are in much better style than the Greek characters; a natural circumstance, as the artists were probably no longer Greeks, but natives, whose vernacular language was the former.

Satisfactory it is to be enabled to assert that the burial place of HERMÆUS the III. was near the modern Jelalabad, near which I feel convinced was the celebrated city of Nysa. A tope called Janní Tope in its neighbourhood was opened by M. MARTIN, who extracted therefrom three small boxes of stone, containing trinkets and other trifles more curious than useful; also, loosely lying among the earth, were found between twenty and thirty of the copper coins of HERMÆUS, rusty and defaced indeed, but easily recognizable as of the same type as those here described. SOTEREAGASt.

Fig. 26, Obverse. Bust, with diadem and fillets behind hair in rows of curls; rays *The Greek numerals must then be read ME and MA.-ED.

I have left this as it stands in the MS. but there can be little doubt that the title is THP MEгAZ as read on the coins described and depicted by myself in the second volume of the Journal, (plates ii. xi. and xiii,) but with these plates before him, the author still finds reason to read the inscription HETAΣ.-ED.

of glory around the head; right-hand holding a sword, mace, or emblem of command. Behind the head, a trident or symbol of supreme authority.

Reverse. Horseman, the ends of his turban flowing in the wind;

his right

hand extended, and holding what may be a short sword; horse caparisoned, and apparently furnished with saddle; before the horse a tridental symbol. Legend Greek, portion visible, OOTHPHETAC BACIAEV BACIAE...

Fig. 27, Obverse. Bust, as preceding, sword or mace in right-hand, adorned with ribbons.

Fig. 28, Reverse. Horseman, as in Fig.26. Legend Greek BAZIAEVE BAZIAEWN

Fig. 29, Obverse.

ΣΩΤΗΡ.

Helmed head, looking to the left; before the figure a symbol difficult to explain, behind it the usual trident. Figures 26, 27, and 28, are from fifty-five copper coins of the same size and type in my possession; Fig. 29 is from an unique specimen. Besides these I have one hundred and fifteen smaller copper coins of the same type. The whole of these coins are distinguished for the bold relief of the busts and figures.

That the prince, whose medals are now before us, ruled and died at Nysa, is established by the fact of twenty-seven (I think) of his copper coin, similar in type to Fig. 26, having been extracted from his sepulchral monument in the neighbourhood of Jellalabad by M. MARTIN. When we learn that this monarch's coins are found generally over the Punjab and north-western provinces of India, even to Benares, we form high notions of his extended empire, and conceive exalted opinions of his talents, which are confirmed by the manly portrait disclosed on his medals. We feel a pride in drawing from obscurity a line of princes, whose edicts emanating from Nysa, would seem for a considerable period to have influenced the political destinies of a large part of Asia.

There are many points connected with these coins which deserve attention. On the obverses we first observe the king's head, surrounded with rays; we also here first observe the trident; an emblem to be found on all the succeeding coins of this class we have to notice. I presume this to be an emblem of supreme authority, but nothing more; as such I believe it was borne by NEPTUNE and other gods of the Grecian mythology. On the reverse we have a horseman, a Bactrian Greek emblem, and on many of the coins, as Fig. 26, the Greek characters of the legend are much corrupted. On earlier coins of this prince, as Fig. 28, the legend is in fair Greek, and varies, as not comprising the HETAC to be found in the first noted. The earlier coins have also a much younger appearance, as Fig. 27.

I hesitate whether to consider CLTHPHHEгAC, a name or an epithet, or a compound of both. I incline to the latter, considering that CLTHP be understood an abbreviation of CWTHPOC and that HETAC is the name of the prince: accordingly on some of the coins as before noted, we find the legend only BACIAENC BACIAEWIN MWTHP*. On the other hand, or the coins of a prince hereafter to be noticed, we find CLTHPHETAC inserted apparently as an epithet. This prince however we can scarcely suppose Greek. Persons more conversant in the Greek language than I am, must decide this point.

Fig. 29, is a spirited and valuable coin; we rejoice to behold the warlike king, helmed after the manner of his Bactrian ancestors. On this we first observe a

* This might have taught the author the real meaning of the inscription, but we purposely avoid correcting the text.-ED.

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