LAUNCESTON, Viscountcy, 1726, cr. with the Dukedom of Edinburgh, which see.

LEICESTER, Earldom. Edmund, 4th s. of Henry III, after the fall of Simon de Montfort, had a grant of the Honour of Leicester in 1265, and may have been considered to be Earl of that county, though rarely so styled.

LINCOLN, Earldom. 1349, Henry, Earl of Derby, grandson of the above Edmund, and great-grandson of Henry III.

MARCH, Earldom. 1479, Edward (Edward V in 1483), s. and h. of Edward IV.

MILFORD HAVEN, Earldom, 1706, cr. with the Dukedom of Cambridge, which see.

MUNSTER, Earldom, 1789, cr. with the Dukedom of Clarence and St. Andrews, which see.

NORFOLK, Earldom. 1312, Thomas "of Brotherton," 5th s. of Edward I. Dukedom. 1477, Richard Plantagenet, 2nd s. of Edward IV.

NORTHALLERTON, Viscountcy, 1706, cr. with the Dukedom of Cambridge, which see.

NOTTINGHAM, Earldom. 1476, Richard Plantagenet, 2nd s. of Edward IV. OCKINGHAM. See WOKINGHAM.

ORMOND, Marquessate [S.], 1600, cr. with the Dukedom of Albany [S.], which see.

PEMBROKE,() Earldom. (1) 1414, cr. with the Dukedom of Gloucester, which see; (2) 1479, cr. with the Earldom of March, which see. RENFREW, Earldom. See ROTHSAY.

RICHMOND, Earldom. (1) 1342, John, 4th s. of Edward III, cr. Duke of Lancaster in 1362; (2) 1414, John, Duke of Bedford, 3rd s. of Henry IV; (3) 1453, Edmund Tudor, brother of the half blood of Henry VI, and father of Henry VII.

Ross, Earldom [S.], 1600, cr. with the Dukedom of Albany, which see. ROTHSAY, Dukedom [S.]. The Dukedom of Rothsay, Earldom of Carrick, and Barony of Renfrew [S.] were vested at his birth, 19 Feb. 1594, in Henry Frederick Stuart, s. and h. ap. of James VI [S.], on whose accession to the throne of England the said Henry became Duke of Cornwall. Since then these dignities have followed the same course as that of Cornwall, which see.

RUTLAND, Earldom. 1390, Edward, s. and h. of Edmund, Duke of York (5th s. of Edward III); was cr. Duke of Aumale in 1397.

ST. ANDREWS, Dukedom. See CLARENCE AND ST. Andrews.

(*) Jasper Tudor, brother of the half blood of Henry VI, was cr. by him, in 1453, Earl of Pembroke. He was cr. Duke of Bedford in 1485.

SALISBURY, Earldom. (1) 1472, George, Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV; (2) Edward, s. and h. of Richard, Duke of Gloucester (Richard III in 1483), on whose accession to the throne he became Prince of Wales, &c.

SNAUDON [ie. SNOWDEN], Barony, 1726, cr. with the Dukedom of Edinburgh, which see.

SOMERSET, Dukedom. 1499, Edmund Tudor, 3rd s. of Henry VII. STRATHEARN, Dukedom. (1) 1766, see CUMBERLAND AND STRATHEARN ; (2) 1799, see KENT AND STRATHEARN; (3) 1874, see CONNAUGHT AND STRATHEARN.

SUSSEX, Dukedom. 1801, Augustus Frederick, 6th s. of George III.

Earldom. 1874, cr. with the Dukedom of Connaught, which see. TEWKESBURY, Barony, 1706, cr. with the Dukedom of Cambridge, which

see.

TIPPERARY, Earldom, 1801, cr. with the Dukedom of Cambridge, which

see.

TIVIOTDALE, Dukedom, 1799. See CUMBERLAND AND TIVIotdale.

TREMATON, Viscountcy, 1726, cr. with the Dukedom of Cumberland, which see.

ULSTER, Earldom [I.]. (1) 1352, Lionel (on his marriage), afterwards Duke

of Clarence, 3rd s. of Edward III; it remained in his posterity till 1461, when it merged in the Crown; (2) 1659, James Stuart, Duke of York (James II in 1685), 3rd s. of Charles I; (3) 1716, (4) 1760, (5) 1784, cr. with the Dukedom of York and Albany, which see.

Earldom [U.K.]. 1866, cr. with the Earldom of Kent and Dukedom of Edinburgh. See EDINBURGH.

WARENNE [SURREY AND WARENNE], Earldom, 1477, cr. with the Dukedom of Norfolk, which see.

WARWICK, Earldom. 1472, George, Duke of Clarence, brother of

Edward IV.

WIGTON, Marquessate. See note sub CARRICK.

WOKINGHAM, Barony, 1689, cr. with the Dukedom of Cumberland, which see.

YORK, Dukedom. (1) 1385, Edmund, Earl of Cambridge, 5th s. of Edward III; (2) 1474, Richard Plantagenet, 2nd s. of Edward IV; (3) 1494, Henry Tudor (Henry VIII in 1509), 2nd s. of Henry VII; (4) 1605, Charles Stuart, Duke of Albany [S.] (Charles I in 1625), 2nd s. of James I; (5) 1644, James Stuart (James II in 1685), 3rd s. of Charles I; (6) 1892, George (George V in 1911), 2nd s. of Edward VII. YORK AND ALBANY, Dukedom. (1) 1716, Ernest Augustus, brother of George I, and yr. s. of the Electress Sophia, who had been declared heiress presumptive to the Crown; (2) 1760, Edward Augustus, next brother of George III, and grandson of George II; (3) 1784, Frederick, 2nd s. of George III.

APPENDIX H

THE TITLE OF MARQUESS

The proper rendering of the word Marchio when not descriptive of a Lord Marcher or Governor of a frontier province, but used as a peerage title, has long been a matter of controversy. H. Gough, the well-known antiquary, considered the form Marquess objectionable because " according to the old English practice it was the feminine form, e.g. the Lady Marquesse of Winchester.'" Yet Marquess is more suitable in English than Marquis, because the latter is the French form of a title which is commoner in France than here. Moreover, it has fallen somewhat into disrepute on the Continent owing to its frequent adoption by unauthorised persons when travelling, so that it gave rise to the verb se marquiser. In patents of creation in English Marquess is the usual form, and there is no good reason for departing from the spelling which has had official sanction for many generations. The following is a list of the first eleven Marquessates conferred in England :

1385, I Dec. DUBLIN, conferred on Robert (de Veer), Earl of Oxford. 1397, 29 Sep. DORSET, conferred on John (Beaufort), Earl of Somerset. He was degraded from his Marquessate, 3 Nov. 1399, and though the Commons petitioned for his restoration to that rank, he opposed the request because the name was strange in this realm. The matter is entered on the Rolls of Parliament on 6 Nov. 1402.

Les Communes viendrent devant le Roi et les Seigneurs en Parlement, et entre autres choses et matires illoeges montrez & parlez, mesmes les Communes honorablement recomendantz les bone et honorable port & governance del Cont de Somersete prierent au Roi q. mesme le Cont purroit estre restorez a ses noun et honour de Marquys queux il avoit p' devan; de quel prier le Roi et les Seigneurs enmercierent les ditz Communes. Et le Roi leur disoit q'il voudroit estre avisez & eut faire ceo q. luy sembleroit pur le mieulx touchant cell' matire. Et sur ceo le dit Cont, engenulant molt humblement, pria au Roi, q. come le noun de Marquys feust estraunge noun en cest Roialme, q'il ne luy vorroit ascunement doner cet noun de Marquys que jammais par congie du Roi il ne vorroit porter n'accepter sur luy nul tiel noun en ascun manere. Mais nientmoins mesme le Cont molt cordialment remercia les Seigneurs et les Communes de leur bones coers volent celle partie.(*)

He continued to be known as Earl of Somerset until his death.

(a) Rolls of Parliament, vol. iii, p. 488, cited in Courthope, p. lx.

1443, 24 June. DORSET, conferred on Edmund (Beaufort), Earl of Dorset. 1444, 14 Sep. SUFFOLK, conferred on William (de la Pole), Earl of Suffolk. 1470, 25 Mar. MONTAGU, conferred on John (Nevill), Lord Montagu and Earl of Northumberland, on the resignation of the Earldom. 1475, 18 Apr. DORSET, conferred on Thomas (Grey), Lord Ferrers and Earl of Huntingdon, after resignation of the Earldom.

1488/9, 28 Jan. BERKELEY, conferred on William (Berkeley), Earl of Nottingham.

1525, 18 June. EXETER, conferred on Henry (Courtenay), Earl of Devon. 1532, 1 Sep. PEMBROKE, conferred on Lady Anne Boleyn, later Queen Consort of Henry VIII.

I

1546/7, 16 Feb. NORTHAMPTON, conferred on William (Parr), Earl of Essex.

1551, 11 Oct. WINCHESTER, conferred on William (Paulet), Earl of Wiltshire.

APPENDIX I

A NOTE ON THE FITZWARIN PEERAGE CASE

One of the most important points which the Committee had to decide in this case was whether the barony was created by the writ of summons of Fulk Fitzwarin in 1295 or by the summons and sitting of Sir William Bourchier in 1455. Lord Dunedin in his judgment reviewed the descent of the family generation by generation and based his comments on what he naturally supposed to be the facts as given in what the Attorney General called the " very skilfully drawn pedigree." This description would lead one to suppose that the petitioner's Counsel had by special researches corrected what was known to be an unsatisfactory genealogy dating from the time of Dugdale-250 years ago; but a comparison of the particulars on which his Lordship had to rely with the account of the family by G. W. Watson in this volume reveals the fact that all the old errors have been repeated. The following reprint of the first part of the judgment, with the true dates &c. inserted in italics within brackets, shows how misinformed the Committee was on important facts.

My Lords, the point which your Lordships have presently to determine is whether the Barony of FitzWaryn is of date 1295 or 1455. The Claimant contends for the former, the Attorney General asserting the latter date. The facts upon which the controversy arises are these::-It is common ground that the Barony of FitzWaryn is a Barony created by Writ and Sitting. There is proof of Writ issued to Sir Fulke FitzWaryn, in the County of Shropshire, to attend the Parliament of 1295-a Parliament which has already many times. been acknowledged by decisions of your Committees to be a Parliament in the full sense of the word—and of other writs issued to attend other Parliaments down to 1314 [down to 16 Oct. 1315]. Sir Fulke died circa 1315 [died 24 Nov. 1315] and was succeeded by his son Fulke FitzWaryn. There is extant proof that to him writs were issued to attend Parliaments from the year 1315 [first writ 20 Nov. 1317] in the reign of Edward II, till the year 1336, in the reign of Edward III. There is no proof that either Fulke the first or Fulke the second ever sat. Fulke the second died in 1349 [he died shortly before 6 June 1336]. He was succeeded by his son Fulke the third. Fulke the third was a minor at his father's death. It does not actually appear how long he survived his own majority, but he died in 1373 [he died 25 July 1349], and must, therefore, have been a major before his death. He was succeeded by his son Fulke the fourth, who died in 1377 [he died 12 Feb. 1373/4], only four years after his father [he died 24 years after his father], but was old enough to have married and left a son, Fulke the fifth, who was born in 1363 [he was born 2 Mar. 1361/2]. Assuming