the primates flee or conceal themselves till the popular fury has subsided. I have several times witnessed scenes of this kind; when the insurrection is announced by the sound of the bell, repeated from village to village; so that the alarm is soon spread over the whole island, and every one holds himself in readiness to rise. To punish these insurgents the Turkish government is at length compelled to employ a vaivode, a kind of farmer-general, who, by advancing the moiety of the tribute, acquires the right of levying it, or rather of unmercifully rack-renting the wretched inhabitants. He generally resides at Kambos, a village in the centre of the island. He is accompanied on these occasions by a number of Turks, to assist him in inspecting the harvest of the peasants; one of these persons has sometimes the office of inspector over two or three villages. Wo to the islander who may dare to withhold the least portion of his produce, or who should take any means to prevent his cattle from being collected upon his ground; he would be condemned to penalties and punishment as rigid as if he had disposed of the property of others. It is then the islander feels that he has a hard master, whose avarice renders him relentless, and who will lose no opportunity that presents itself to profit by it. It is unnecessary to remark how terrible the Turkish government is in its wrath, especially when it sends this thirsty bloodsucker, or harpy, to execute its vengeance. The primates, when they resume their functions, generally behave with extreme caution; but they have always their deputy at Constantinople, who sometimes advances a part of the tribute, and afterwards settles their accounts with the administration of the island.

Tinos has never been subject to any custom-house duties. When an inhabitant wishes to leave the place, he receives a ticket, which is a certificate of his country; and with this kind of passport he may go to any part of Turkey, without the ordinary exemption from capitation, called karatch, and to which all the rest of the Grand Seignor's subjects are liable: this costs 13s. 4d. to persons who wear the long Asiatic

habits, and 6s. 8d. to those who dress like Europeans.

The isle of Tinos, like most of those of the Archipelago, presents an uniform aspect towards the sea. At a distance we can only distinguish a mass of naked barren rocks; but upon a nearer approach we perceive upon these heights a great number of villages, which cannot but excite our admiration of the industry of the inhabitants, who by their exertions have fertilized the rude soil of their mountains, the declivities of which are raised and parted off by dwarf walls, formed of stones, and communicating to the whole the air of a quincunx.

Tinos is about sixty miles in circumference, and contains two large towns and about sixty-six villages. It is naturally divided into what is called the Apanomeri or upper part, or the Katomeri or lower; the latter is the most fertile, both from the nature of the soil and the abundance of water supplied by the rivers Lazaro or Perastra, and Griza or Aghapi, so called from the villages through which they pass.— These two rivers, inundating the counery, form the marshes of Levadhea, which, being cultivated, produce grain, flax, melons, gourds, pumpkins, &c. Each proprietor digs a ditch round his ground here, to retain the humidity in summer, and to prevent the inroads of cattle; others have small huts, in which it is necessary to remain to watch their property, often pillaged by the inhabitants of the upper part of the island, and the banditti of the isle of Andros, who make frequent incursions.

In the interior of the island of Tinos, and particularly all round the borders, we frequently meet with the ruins of towers and other buildings, apparently relics of former grandeur, and at least suggesting the idea that the place has been much more populous than at present. However, from whatever point of view our observations may be directed, five or six villages may always be seen at once, with a great number of little churches and dove-houses built round the villages. There are several very high mountains in the interior of the Apanomeri, though the Borgo surpasses all the rest; from its summit the

neighbouring isles are easily discerned. To the west of Tinos we see the isle of Joura, Syra on the south-west, Andros on the north-west, Delos pretty near to the south-east, Paros to the south, Samos and Nicaria to the east, and Mycona to the south-east.

The land-winds from the narrowgorges, or passages between the mountains, are sometimes so terrible when they rise into hurricanes, that a part of the coast called Ziknia is extremely dangerous. The seamen, who are not insensible of the hazard they run when coasting this part, never neglect striking their sails even in the calmest weather, with a view to anticipate the effects of these sudden and impetuous gusts. The climate of Tinos is very mild, and is only distinguished by the frequent rains. Snow falls very seldom, and ice may be said to be almost unknown here: the inhabitants also know very little of hail, which is here of the smallest kind, being about the size of a small grey pea; the sky is almost always clear. Rain is scarce in summer, but violent thunder-storms occasionally happen, which destroy the produce of the husbandman and spread desolation throughout the country.When the torrents are precipitated from the mountains, nothing can withstand their fury; enclosures are often overthrown, and the earth swept away and trees torn up by the roots, in consequence of the impetuosity of the waters. The Sirocco, which sometimes blows here, is generally accompanied by thick clouds, which collect in the south and darken the air; thunder and lightning are also frequent in summer during storms, and at other times, but it is very seldom that any object is struck by the lightning. When it happens that the inhabitants are distressed for water, those both of the Greek and Latin persuasion repair to their respective churches to implore the divine favour. On these occasions they go in procession from one church to another, singing hymns and canticles composed for that purpose. After this the sight of a charged cloud over their heads would make them extremely happy, if they did not then begin to dispute about which of them it was owing to, that

the wrath of heaven was appeased. Each party attributes this success to itself; they grow warm, and, becoming exasperated, the discussion is often finished by serious quarrels, and even bloodshed. In general, all through the Archipelago, an inveterate hatred subsists between the Christians of the Greek and Latin church; this hatred springing from a religious principle, is always implacable, and leads to the most fatal excesses.

These superstitious ideas, however, lose much of their rancour in the Adriatic gulph, and in the great cities of the Ottoman empire, where any persons taking pleasure in disputing about the differences between the two churches, are looked upon with contempt even by their own party, and are treated as dangerous persons, or ignorant and illbred.

The villages are for the most part situated in the defiles of the mountains, or upon the declivity of the hills, not far from a valley through which a little rivulet generally runs from the high grounds, and produces water sufficient for the use of the people. Besides this supply, they have wells near the valley, from three to six feet deep; the water seldom flows over, unless in rainy weather, and they are enclosed by low walls to prevent the accumulation of dust, and to resist the heat of the sun, so that the temperature of the water is much the same all the year round. As the shallowness of these wells makes it unnecessary to use ropes or buckets, the water is generally drawn up in dirty jars. In the evening the cattle are led thither to drink; but, when the supply of water is lessened by the heat of the weather, they are obliged to drink kneeling, when, as it frequently happens that some of them fall in, it becomes the duty of one of the inhabitants to clean out the well, for which service he receives an egg from every house in the village. It has been observed, that the persons who use the well-waters constantly in preference to those that are filtered from the hills, are subject to several disorders, especially the asthma; nevertheless, habit has such power over them, that they will not alter their manner of

living. It may be said of these islanders, as well as of those of the rest of the Greek islands, that they contribute little or nothing either to the construction or reparation of any public works; and that, in this particular, they differ very much from the ancient Greeks.

Tinos is capable of producing every thing common to the terra firma of Greece and the neighbouring islands: several species of oranges and citrons grow here; in fact, here is every kind of fruit except the apple. Brandy is made from raisins, and sometimes from figs and other ripe fruits. Onions abound here, and consist of two species: one is much used in colouring ragouts; the others, called Glecocromitha, are very large, and sometimes weigh a pound; these have been the subject of much encomium among ancient authors, who have boasted of their exquisite flavour and sweetness. Silk would produce a considerable revenue here, if the inhabitants were better instructed in the manner of breeding silk

worms.

The sage here is famous for its fine taste, the best kind grows in the rocky environs of the village of Cumaro. In the month of May, before sun-rise, each family goes out to collect their annual stock of this vegetable. They drink the infusion as tea all the winter; in summer, the tender buds are eaten by the women and children with sugar; but, for two or three days afterwards, their tongues, teeth, and lips, are discoloured like chocolate.

On the Sundays during the spring, the boys of Katomeri and Apanomeri go out in distinct companies to collect branches of sage. When these companies happen to meet, a rencontre is pretty sure to take place, called petro polemos, or a war with stones; these are often thrown at each other from a sling, and the victorious party are by right entitled to carry off all the spoil. The fig-tree is the principal in the island, and of this there are about fifteen different species, and it is cultivated with the greatest care. Figs, fresh or dry, are to the inhabitants of Tinos what rice is to the Persians, manioc to the aboriginal Americans, or dates to the Egyptians. The greatest number

of female fig-trees are planted near enclosures and by walls. Their trunks rise from ten to fifteen feet; their flexible branches reaching to the ground, form those umbrageous arbours which will receive under cover from fifteen to twenty persons: thus, though these trees occupy a great extent of ground, the proprietors are well indemnified by the abundant produce. This fecundity is entirely owing to the art the inhabitants make use of in marrying the male with the female fig, by means of the operation called orniasma or caprification, without which the foetus of the females would waste away,fall to the ground, and never arrive at maturity.

The vines in Tinos are planted in stony ground, where it is not possible to use the plough; their branches are so strong, that they have no need of supporters, and so extensive, as sometimes to occupy a circumference from eighty to 100 feet, stretching horizontally; so that to perceive the grapes, it is necessary to raise up the branches and put the leaves aside. This position, so far from injuring the fruit, tends to shelter the vine from the winds, preserves the grapes from the ravages of the hail; whilst the earth, heated by the solar rays, assists in bringing the fruit to the highest degree of perfection.When the heat has been too violent, the juice of the grape resembles molasses, which it is then necessary to correct with water. The ordinary wine is made of the grape called potamissi ; of this there are two kinds, the black and the white. Among the birds of the isle of Tinos, the crows are three times more numerous than all the other species together; next to these white pigeons are most numerous: game is very scarce here; there are a few red partridges, but no grey ones, and hares are still less in number; but the number of wild turtles and quails is so great, that they are preserved by the inhabitants by pickling them for their winter's stock. Among the insects, the cicada is one of the most troublesome to a stranger, as their noise from the mulberry-trees is to be heard day and night. The islanders say, their monotony lulls them to sleep. Vipers and adders do great damage here when

ANECDOTE is the order of the day, and if, like those yclept The Percy, well strung together, there is hardly any kind of reading more popular. Of the present work, done into the portable and received form of half crown packets, the first Number does not impress us with the most favourable idea; but we shall wait a further issue before we say it wants novelty, selection, fidelity, and talent. Mr. Burchell in the Vicar of Wakefield was wont to employ a very unmeaning significant monosyllable, spelt fudge, and we know not how to characterize more expressively the following samples of Napoleoniana.

THE BRIDGE OF ARCOLA.

"The commander in chief of an army should very rarely expose himself; nevertheless there are situations where his presence, alone, decides the fate of a battle, which will be fully illustrated by the following example

"The passage of the bridge of Arcola may be esteemed the height of boldness. Thousands of men and musquetry served to defend the approach to this particular spot, which was completely fenced by cannon in every direction: thrice had General Buonaparte commanded the charge in person, and thrice had his followers, disdaining to retreat, fallen sacrifices to their temerity; the death-dealing bullets continued their destructive career, levelling all those who dared to encounter their vengeful flight. Napoleon, at length growing indignant, gave utterance to an exclamation of fury, and instantly tearing one of the standards from the grasp of an ensign, sprang upon this bridge, the scene of carnage and slaughter; when, planting the flag in defiance of destiny itself, which seemed to oppose him, he thus addressed his soldiers-" Frenchmen! Grenadiers will you, then, abandon your colours?" This appeal seemed to convey a reproach ill adapted to the spirit of such courageous men ; where

fore, before the general was enabled to repeat them, all thought of danger had vanished, death was faced in every direction, the bridge of Arcola was forced, and victory once more crowned the republican standard."

Bombastes Furioso could not deliver hyperbole in a more stupid style. Fudge the second is entitled "The Sleeping Sentinel," and the story is thus told:

THE SLEEPING SENTINEL.

"The army of Italy under General Buonaparte, having been engaged against the Austrians during the whole of one day, at length terminated the battle, by gaining a complete victory at the very moment when the declining sun threw a parting gleam upon the western horizon. During the period of this conflict, and the two foregoing days, the troops had not tasted repose, and the complete flight of the enemy, at this particular juncture, was therefore the more fortunate, as the French were thus enabled to enjoy that repose during the night, of which they most gladly took the advantage.

"Notwithstanding this harassed state of the army, it was necessary to establish outposts; when a grenadier, stationed upon this service, which precluded the idea of rest, being quite exhausted with fatigue, fell fast asleep at his post.

"Napoleon, who offered up his own repose as a sacrifice to the more imperious calls of promptitude and glory, proceeded, alone, to visit the outskirts of the camp, and in this survey arrived at the spot where lay extended the sleeping sentinel, who could hardly be deemed guilty of a breach of duty, but the unwilling victim of extreme fatigue, that totally overpowered him.

"Buonaparte, unmindful of his dignity, and actuated only by noble motives, took up the soldier's musket, which laid beside him; when, placing it upon his own shoulder, he continued to mount guard for nearly an hour, in