Cleopatra.

4683 51 1321 Cicero made governor of Cilicia, and Bibulus of Syria. Bibulus delaying his coming into his province, Cassius governs it. The Parthians besiege Antioch. Cassius defends it; forceth the enemy to raise the siege; and falling on them in their retreat, gives them a great defeat, and slays therein Osaces their general, and then returns to Rome on the arrival of Bibulus. Cicero vanquisheth the Cilicians of the mountains, and makes them submit. Ptolemy Auletes dies in Egypt, and is succeeded by Ptolemy his eldest son, and Cleopatra his eldest daughter, jointly together. 2 The Parthians again besiege Antioch, and Bibulus in it. Are called back to suppress an insurrection at home; whereon Bibulus returns to Rome. Cæsar passeth the Rubicon, and the war broke out between him and Pompey; the latter retreats to Brundusium, and Cæsar there follows him. Q. Metellus Scipio succeeds Bibulus in the presidency of Syria.

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3 Pompey gets out of Brundusium and passeth the Adriatic. Cæsar hereon returns to Rome, releaseth Aristobulus, and sendeth him into Judea. Pompey's party poison him, and Scipio puts Alexander to death at Antioch. Cæsar from Rome passeth into Spain, reduceth that country, and returns again to Rome about the time of the autumnal equinox; hasteneth from thence to Brundusium, and there passeth the Adri atic with seven legions against Pompey; leaves the rest at Brundusium, with Antony, to be brought after him.

4 Cæsar, having gotten over all the rest of his army, in the first beginning of the spring, he and Pompey encamped against each other at Dyrrachium. Cæsar receives a defeat, whereon he marcheth into Thessaly. Pompey follows him; and, in the plains of Pharsalia, it came to a decisive battle between them, in which Pompey, receiving a total defeat, flees to Lesbos, and from thence to Egypt, where he is slain. Casar, following him, comes to Alexandria: hath Pompey's head there presented to him. He there engageth in a dangerous war, to support the cause of Cleopatra against her brother.

5 In this war, by the help of Antipater, and forces brought him out of Judea, he vanquisheth Ptolemy, and he being drowned in his flight. Cæsar makes Cleopatra queen of Egypt, and then passing into Syria, makes Sextus Cæsar president of it; vanquisheth Pharnaces in Pontus, returns to Rome, and is there made dictator. Antipater, being appointed procurator of Judea, makes Herod, one of his sons, governor of Galilee; and Phasael, another of them, governor of Jerusalem. Herod, having put to death an eminent thief in Galilee, is put upon a trial for his life for it.

6 Cæsar passeth into Africa, and there subdues the remainder of Pompey's party, who had there retreated; gives order for the rebuilding of Carthage and Corinth; and then returns to Rome, and there reforms the Roman calendar. Cæcilius Bassus raiseth troubles in Syria, procures Sextus Cæsar to be slain by his own soldiers, and then sets up to be president of Syria.

19 7 The first Julian year. Cæsar vanquisheth the sons of Pompey at Munda in Spain, and, on his return, is made perpetual dictator. Statius Marcus, sent by Cæsar to be president of Syria, carries on the war against Cæcilius Bassus, and besiegeth him in Apamea.

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8 The walls of Jerusalem rebuilt. Cæsar slain in the senate-house at Rome. Octavianus,
after called Augustus, heads his party at Rome, and drives Antony thence. Brutus
and Cassius, the murderers of Cæsar, leaving Italy, the former seizeth Greece and
Macedon, and the other Syria, where he puts an end to the war of Cæcilius Bassus.
9 Octavianus vanquisheth Antony at the battle of Mutina: after that, he, Antony, and
Lepidus, constitute a triumvirate. Brutus and Cassius prepare for war against them.
Antipater poisoned by the fraud of Malichus. Phasael and Herod revenge his death
by cutting off the murderer.

10 Brutus and Cassius, having made themselves masters of all beyond the Adriatic, as far
as Euphrates, Octavianus and Antony pass into Macedon against them, and having
vanquished them at Philippi, force them both to slay themselves. Hereon Octavianus
returns to Rome, and Antony passeth into Asia. Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus,
raiseth new troubles in Judea. He is vanquished by Herod.

11 The vanquished party apply to Antony against the sons of Antipater without success. Cleopatra comes to Antony at Tarsus, and there first bewitcheth him with her charms. His forces sent to plunder Palmyra meet with a baffle. Cleopatra returning to Alexandria, he follows after her, and there spends the ensuing winter. In the interim Pacorus, with a Parthian army, masters all Syria and Phoenicia.

12 Antony's friends having made war against Octavianus in Italy, and being vanquished by him, Antony passeth thither with a great fleet. On his marrying Octavia, the sister of Octavianus, peace is made between them. In the interim, the Parthians, having made themselves masters of all Lesser Asia and Syria, take Jerusalem, slay Phasel, make Hyrcanus prisoner, and settle Antigonus on the throne of Judea. Herod hereon fleeing to Rome, is there made king of Judea. Ventidius gaineth two victories over the Parthians.

13 Herod besiegeth Jerusalem, and there hardly presseth Antigonus. Ventidius gains a third victory over the Parthians, slaying about thirty thousand of them, and, among them, Pacorus, their general, the king's son; whereon he again recovers from them all Syria and Phoenicia. Antony returns into Syria, besiegeth Samosata: Herod goes thither to him; Joseph his brother, whom he left to command in Judea during his absence, fights the enemy against order, and is slain. Herod, on his return, reveng eth his death, in a great victory over Pappus, Antigonus's general, slaying him in battle, with the most of his army.

14 Antony, having spent the winter with Cleopatra at Alexandria, saileth from
thence in the spring for Italy, and from thence back again into Syria, to make
preparations for the Parthian war. Herod married Mariamme, and, in conjunc-
tion with Sosius, president of Syria, besiegeth Jerusalem with a close siege, and
presseth it hard on every side.
15 After a half year's siege, Jerusalem is taken. Antigonus is sent prisoner to An-
tony at Antioch, and there beheaded; and Herod is settled in the full possession
of the kingdom of Judea. Oroder, king of Parthia, is murdered by Phrahates
his son, who thereon succeeds him in the kingdom. He releaseth Hyrcanus out
of prison, and permits him to live in full freedom among the Jews of Babylonia.
16 P. Canidius, one of Antony's lieutenants, vanquisheth the Arminians, the Alba-
nians, and Iberians, and carries his victorious arms as far as Mount Cacasus.
Antony makes an unfortunate expedition against the Parthians, and returns
with the loss of the major part of his army. Sextus Pompeius is vanquished,
and driven out of Sicily, and Lepidus deposed from his triumvirate.

17 Antony, after his miscarriage in his Parthian expedition, spent most of the ensu
ing year at Alexandria in dalliances with Cleopatra. Herod makes Aristobulus,
the brother of Mariamne, high priest, and afterward murders him. Sextus Pom-
peius taken and put to death in Asia, by the order of Antony.

18 Herod in danger of being put to death by Antony for the murder of Aristobulus,
escapes by the means of large sums of money presented to Antony. Antony
marcheth into Armenia; and, having there treacherously drawn Artabazes,
king of that country, into his power, carries him in chains to Alexandria, and
enters that place in triumph, and then distributes the eastern provinces of the
Roman empire among the children of Cleopatra.

19 Disgusts happen between Antony and Octavianus, which broke out into a war,
that ended in the ruin of Antony. Hereon Antony draws all his force into
Greece, and spends a great part of this year at Athens in making warlike pre-
parations both by sea and land.
20 Octavianus drives all the friends of Antony from Rome. Hereon Antony sends
a bill of divorce to Octavia; and other provocations are given on both sides to
inflame matters for the ensuing war. All the east engageth on one side, and
all the west on the other. Herod by the order of Antony makes war with Mal-
chus, king of Arabia Petræa, in the behalf of Cleopatra, and is worsted by him.
21 But the next year after, having gained a complete victory over him, he brought
him to his terms. Octavianus vanquisbeth Antony and Cleopatra at Actium;
whereon Cleopatra flees to Alexandria, and Antony repairs thither to her. Oc.
tavianus, having settled the affairs of Italy, Greece, and Lesser Asia, winters

at Samos.

22 Herod addresseth himself to Octavianus, and makes his peace with him. Octavi anus passeth through Lesser Asia and Syria to Pelusium; and, having taken that place, forceth Antony and Cleopatra to kill themselves. Hereon he re duceth Egypt into the form of a Roman province, and marching from thence through Syria, takes up his winter-quarters in Proper Asia.

Octavianus returns to Rome, and enters it in three triumphs. Herod, in a fit of rage and jealousy, puts Mariamne, his beloved wife, to death, and afterward bitterly repenteth of it.

Herod puts Alexandra, the mother of Mariamne, to death.

The monarchy of the whole Roman empire is, by the unanimous consent of the
senate and people of Rome, conferred on Octavianus, with the name of Augus-
tus, which he and his successors ever after bore.

Salome, the sister of Herod, informing him against Costobarus, her own husband,
causeth him, with several others, to be put to death. Petronius is made prefect
of Egypt in the place of Cornelius Gallus. Herod becomes an occasional con-
formist to the heathen rites, whereby he gives great offence to the Jews.
Herod rebuilds Samaria, and calls it Sebaste. Augustus's name growing great,
many foreign nations send ambassadors to him to desire his friendship. A
grievous famine happens in Judea; against which Herod takes great care to re-
lieve his people, and thereby inuch ingratiates himself with them.
Absolute and arbitrary power is given Augustus by decree of the senate. Herod
builds him a stately palace on Mount Zion. Ælius Gallus begins his expedition
into the Southern Arabia, for which Herod furnished him with five hundred
men out of his guards.

Ælius Gallus, having lost more than half his men in his march into the Southern
Arabia, returns without success. Candace, queen of Ethiopia, invaded Egypt:
is repulsed by Petronius, and pursued into her own country. Phrahates, king
of Parthia, being expelled Parthia by his own people, is restored by the Scythi
ans, and sends ambassadors to Augustus to pray his friendship. Herod builds
Herodium.

Herod begins to build Cæsarea, which he finished in twelve years' time; sends the sons of Mariamne to Rome for their education, and receives from Augustus, Trachonitis, Auranitis, and Batanæa, in addition to his former dominions. Agrippa bath the government of the east committed to him. Herod waits on him at Mitylene. Herod, having suppressed the thieves of Trachonitis, is ac. eused about it before Agrippa, which turns to the confusion of the accusers. Augustus recalls Agrippa, marries his daughter Julia to him, and leaves him to govern the west, while he goes into the east. He winters at Samos, and there grants peace to Candace, queen of Ethiopia, whom Petronius had reduced to a necessity of there suing to him for it, by reason of the several victories he had gained over her.

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11 Augustus passeth through Lesser Asia into Syria. Herod is there accused before him on the account of the Trachonites. Zenodorus, tetrarch of Paneas, and the Gadarenes, who promoted the cause, failing in it, slay themselves, and Paneas is given to Herod. Phrahates, king of Parthia, for the obtaining of the friendship of Augustus, restores all the prisoners and ensigns taken in the wars of Crassus and Antony. After this, Augustus having settled all the affairs, he returns, and winters again at Samos.

12 While Augustus lay there, an embassy came to him from Porus, king of India, to pray
his friendship. Angustus returned to Rome, and is there received with great honour,
on the account of the restored ensigns and prisoners brought back with him. Herod
proposed the new building of the temple at Jerusalem, and accordingly sets about
the making ready the materials for it.

13 Ælius Gallus, succeeding Petronius in the prefecture of Egypt, visits the upper parts
of that country, as far as Ethiopia, having with him Strabo the geographer through
all his progress.
14 Herod having, after two years' preparation, made ready all materials for the building
of a new temple at Jerusalem, pulled down the old one. Augustus adopted Caius
and Lucius, the sons of Agrippa by his daughter Julia.

15 Herod fetched home from Rome Alexander and Aristobulus, his sons by Mariamne,
and married the eldest of them to Glaphyra, the daughter of Archelaus, king of Cap-
padocia, and the other to Berenice, the daughter of Salome his sister.

16 Agrippa being sent again into the east, Herod invites him into Judea, and there treats him with great splendour and magnificence.

17 Agrippa wageth war with the Bosphorans, and having, by the assistance of Herod (who went thither in person to him with his forces,) subdued them, giveth that coun try to Polemon king of Pontus. In reward for this service, Herod procures from Agrippa to the Asiatic Jews a confirmation of all their privileges formerly granted

to them.

18 Augustus, on the death of Lepidus, takes the office of high priest of Rome, and, by virtue thereof, examines the Sibylline books, and burns such as he judged spurious, and deposits the rest in the temple of Apollo, which he had built within the palace. Herod breaking with the sons of Mariamne, sets up Antipater against them. Agrippa returns to Rome, and Sentius Saturninus and Titus Volumnius have the presi dency of Syria after his departure.

19 Agrippa is sent against the Pannonians, and, having reduced them to terms of sub-
mission, returns, and dies in Campania. Hereon Augustus marries his daughter
Julia to Tiberius, and makes him his assistant in the empire, in the same manner
as Agrippa was before.

20 The breach between Herod and his sons by Mariamne growing to a great height, He
rod accuseth them before Augustus, who makes reconciliation between them. Herod
returns to Jerusalem, gives an account hereof to the people, and names to them
Antipater for his heir.
21 Herod having finished his works at Cæsarea, gives it that name, in the dedication of
it, in honour of Augustus Cæsar. He builds also Cypron, Antipatris, Phasaelis, and
the tower of Phasael at Jerusalem.

22 The Jews of Asia and Cyrene, being oppressed by their heathen neighbours, obtain
relief of their grievances, and a farther confirmation of their privileges. The breach
between Herod and his sons by Mariamne is again revived, and carried by Herod
to a great height.

23 Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, comes to Jerusalem, and makes another reconciliation
between Herod and his sons. Herod goes to Rome to acquaint Augustus of it. In
the interim, the Trachonite thieves make great ravages in his territories; but, being
repulsed by Herod's lieutenants, flee into Arabia, and are there protected by Syllæus.
Augustus corrects an error in the Julian year, and gives his name to the month of
August. Herod finisheth the temple at Jerusalem, and dedicates it.

24 Herod pursues the Trachonite thieves into Arabia, and there destroys their fortress,
which Syllæus had given them, and cuts off all of them that fell into his hands: for
which being accused by Syllæus to Augustus, for some time is out of his favour on
this account. Obodas, king of the Nabathæans, dies, and Aretas succeeds him.
25 Tiberius retires to Rhodes. The third breach happened between Herod and his sons by
Mariamne. Herod, having recovered the favour of Augustus, writes to him of it,
and obtains his permission to proceed against them; whereon having procured them
to be condemned in a council at Berytus, he caused them both to be strangled. Za-
charias saw the vision whereby was foreshown to him the birth of John the Baptist.
26 A plot of Antipater's against his father's life detected. The angel Gabriel foreshows
to the Virgin Mary that Christ should be born of her; which was accordingly accom-
plished at the end of the year, at Bethlehem, she being then delivered of him at that
place, and the young child was called Jesus.

27 Joseph and Mary flee with the young child Jesus into Egypt to avoid the cruelty of
Herod. Antipater, on his return from Rome, is convicted before Quintilius Varus,
president of Syria, of his intended parricide, and is condemned and put to death for
it, and five days afterward died Herod himself.

28 Archelaus succeeded Herod in Judea, Idumea, and Samaria; Herod Antipas in Galilee and Perea; and Philip in Auronitis, Trachonitis, Panæas, and Batanea. Joseph and Mary, with the child Jesus, return out of Egypt, and settle at Nazareth in Galilee. 29 The Arminians rebelling, and the Parthians confederating with them, Caius Cæsar, Augustus's grandson, is sent into the east, and lands in Egypt.

3 30 Passing from thence into Syria, through Judea, refuseth to sacrifice at Jerusalem

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The Christian era, according to Dionysius Exiguus, begins four years after the true time of Christ's birth.

Tiberius, being recalled from Rhodes, returns to Rome. Lucius Cæsar, the younger grandson of Augustus, dies at Marseilles.

Caius Cæsar, the elder grandson of Augustus, having received a wound in Arme-
nia, dies of it in his return.

The Julian calendar is set right. Augustus, on the death of his two grandsons,
Caius and Lucius, adopts Tiberius, and forceth him at the same time to adopt
Germanicus.

37 Archelaus, being accused before Augustus for many maleadministrations in his government, is cited to Rome, there to answer for the same.

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Where, being convicted of them, he is deposed, and banished to Vienna in Gallia, all his goods decreed to be confiscated, and his principality to be made a Roman province; which decree P. Sulpitius Quirinius, then sent to be president of Syria, executed, and Coponius is made procurator of Judea.

Great troubles ensued among the Jews on this change, especially on the account of the tax then laid upon them. Christ, in the twelfth year of his age, came into the temple, and there sat among the doctors.

40 Marcus Ambivius is sent by Augustus to be procurator of Judea, in the place of Coponius. Salome the sister of Herod dies.

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142 Tiberius was admitted into copartnership of power with Augustus in the provinces of the empire.

Tiber.

243 Annius Rufus is made procurator of Judea in the place of Ambivius.

344 Augustus Cæsar died at Nola, in Campania, on the nineteenth of August. Tiberius succeeds him in the whole empire.

Tiberius alone.

1 Tiberius sends Valerius Gratus to be procurator of Judea.

3 Some disturbances happening in the east, Germanicus is sent thither under pretence to quell them.

4

Germanicus reduceth Cappadocia and Commagena into the form of Roman provinces, and settles the affairs of Armenia.

5

Germanicus visiteth Egypt, and on his return into Syria, dieth at Antioch, of poison given him by Piso, president of Syria.

633

6 Piso on his return to Rome, being accused of poisoning Germanicus, slew himself, to avoid being condemned for it.

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Valerius Gratus removes Annas from being high priest, after he had been fifteen
years in that office, and substitutes in his place Ismael the son of Fabus.
Eleazar, the son of Annas, is made high priest in the place of Ismael.
Simon, the son of Camith, is made high priest in the place of Eleazar.
Joseph, surnamed Caiaphas, son-in-law of Annas, is made high priest in the place
of Simon. Pontius Pilate is sent by Tiberius to be procurator of Judea in the
place of Valerius Gratus. The ministry of the gospel is first begun by John the
Baptist, the forerunner of Jesus Christ, which he carries on three years and a half.

15 John being put in prison by Herod Antipas, about the time of the autumnal equi. nox, Christ appeared personally in the ministry of gospel, and carried it on three years and a half more, to the time of his racifixion.

19 Christ was crucified, rose again from the deað, ard 1 mer.ded up into heaven.