term policies, at a minimum rate, designed for the protection of those wanting temporary insurance. In addition to the forms of policies just mentioned, the company, through its Duplex bond or double contract, provides a system of investment insurance. The Duplex bond consists of the company's policy, to which is attached a bond, issued by the Lombard Investment company, which has a capital of $4,000,000. In the event of the death of the insured, the amount of the policy is paid to the beneficiary therein named; but should the insured survive the term for which it is issued, then the sum specified in the bond is paid in cash to the insured, or, after the third annual payment, the insured can surrender the bond and receive in cash the amount endorsed thereon. The association thus describes the principle upon which these duplex contracts are issued: "The underlying principle of the. Duplex Assurance Bond is that perfection in investment and life insurance can be best attained by corporations constituted solely for the respective departments of business. Where investment and insurance are combined in the same contract, the investment becomes amenable to the circumscriptions of the insurance laws, which weakens the security, reduces the investment earnings, and impoverishes the insurance. Under the Duplex Assurance Bond, the investment and insurance features are completely divorced; the former is furnished by the Lombard company, for which it and the securities deposited in trust with the trustee, the Union Trust company, are alone responsible; the latter, or the insurance, is furnished by the Fidelity, for which it is alone responsible. Payments on the cumulative bond to the Lombard company are made through the Fidelity simply as a matter of convenience and as an accommodation to its members." Both males and females are admitted to membership in the Fidelity, the maximum age being 60 years. During the years 1879-1884 the business of the Fidelity Mutual Life was mainly confined to its home state, but thereafter it gradually extended to other states, until now it is licensed in the states of Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Texas, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and California. The progress of the association is indicated by the following table: Year of Company. Net Insurance in force end Cash Surplus end of every of year. $1.232.000.00 year. $2,749.40 8,472.20 15,116.17 19,469.54 25,121.21 3,868,500.00 5,641,500.00 6,563,000.00 7.445.000.00 9,765,500.00 8 13.217.500 00 35 590 76 9 15,431,000.00 20,109,500.00 23.790,000.00 26,955,650.00 33,579,750.00 47,700.08 66,155.71 107.610.52 159,260.68 259,389.62 355,450.19 470,704.74 In addition to the cash surplus, the association has contingent assets amounting to $879,323.00, consisting, mainly, of the indemnity pledges of members insured on the natural rate plan for the current policy year. The ascertained liabilities, January 1, 1892, were $11,926.97. The total losses and payments to members in thirteen years amount to $1,338,569.00. Its officers are L. G. Fouse, president; O. C. Bosbyshell, vice-president; W. S. Campbell, secretary and solicitor; Arthur Thatcher, treasurer. Its directors are L. G. Fouse, O. C. Bosbyshell, John E. Frymier, A. P. Flint, George W. Kendrick, Jr., William W. Allen, William P. Fischer, Conrad B. Day, Levi B Kaler, J. P. Hale Jenkins. Finley, L. M., vice-president of the Sun Mutual insurance company of New Orleans, was appointed in August, 1891, general agent of the Delaware insurance company for Louisiana. Finnie, Johnston G., fire insurance adjuster, died at Milledgeville, Ga., April 3, 1891. He was formerly special agent of the Royal at the South, and had also been compact manager at Minneapolis, Minn. Fire and Marine insurance company of Wheeling, W. Va., began business in 1875, the original paid-up capital being $25,000. The charter authorizes fire and marine insurance, but only the former is prosecuted. B. S. McLure is secretary, and Wylie Irwin, assistant secretary, of the company. The directors are Gus A. Beuter, Alfred Caldwell, S. J. Boyd, Frank Booth, William A. Wilson, John J. Jones, M. Jeffers, C. J. Rawling, William M. List. The present cash capital is $100,000. Fire Association of Philadelphia began business September 1, 1817, and was incorporated March 27, 1820. The present cash capital is $500,000. Only regular fire insurance is authorized by the charter. The officers are E. C. Irvin, president, and Benjamin T. Herkness, secretary. Department managers, Wm. H. Cunningham, Chicago; Martin Collins, St. Louis; Trezevant & Cochran, Dallas; Paul J. Nippert, San Francisco. The directors are E. C. Irvin, Robert Porter, T. H. Conderman, Samuel H. Reed, Jas. Whitaker, J. Lightfoot, John D. Ruoff, James Butterworth, Lewis S. Heins, Charles W. Pickering, Howard A. Stevenson, William Muir, and John McKinney. Fire Engineers, National Association of: At the nineteenth annual convention, held at Springfield, Mass., August 11, 1891, A. P. Leshure of that city was elected president, H. A. Hills of Hartwell, Ohio, secretary, and D. C. Larkin of Dayton, Ohio, treasurer, Messrs Hills and Larkin being reelections. The membership, as shown by the report of Secretary Hills, was: active, 226; state associations, 12; associate, 48; life, 24; honorary, 75; total 385, being an increase of 59, as compared with 1890. Addresses were made by Presidents Dunham of the Springfield Fire and Marine and Walton of the Citizens, of New York. Chief Engineer James Battle of Detroit, in responding for the association, assured the representatives of the fire insurance companies that the members were in full accord with the national and local boards of underwriters. John W. Smith of Brooklyn, N. Y., Inspector for the National Board of Fire Underwriters, read a paper upon the advisability of reintroducing in large cities a system of elevated lookouts, or watch-towers, as an auxiliary to the fire alarm service. Fire Insurance Company of the County of Philadelphia. [See County of Philadelphia.] Fire Insurance in the Courts. [See Legal Decisions Affecting Insurance.] Fire Insurance Policy. [See Policy, Standard Fire, also Cotton Policy forms.] Fireman's Fund insurance company of San Francisco. Organized May 1, 1863. Its present officers are: D. J. Staples, president; W. J. Dutton, vice-president; Bernard Faymonville, secretary; J. B. Levison, marine secretary; Louis Weinmann, assistant secretary; Stephen D. Ives, general agent. Its capital was originally $200,000, increased in 1865 to $500,000. In the Chicago and Boston fires the company paid about three-quarters of a million of dollars, at which time its capital was temporarily reduced to $300,000, but increased in 1880 to $750,000, and again increased in 1886 to $1,000,000, at which figure it now stands. Its assets January 1, 1892, were $2,844,390, with a re-insurance reserve of $986,341, and a net surplus of $656,352. This company is the largest American company organized west of New York, in capital, assets, surplus, and income, and does the largest business on the Pacific coast (its home field) of any company operating there, American or foreign. Besides its Pacific coast department, which reports to its home office, it has a central department with headquarters at Chicago, where it is represented by Thomas S. Chard, who has looked after the company's interests in his field for the past twenty years. Its Eastern department reports to Charles W. Kellogg, manager, at Boston, Mr. Kellogg having represented the company in that field since the department was formed, seven years ago. Firemen's Fire insurance company of Boston was organized December 21, and began business December 31, 1872. In 1889 the surplus was capitalized to the amount of $100,000, making the present capital $400,000. The total premiums since organization amount to $2,449,584; total losses, $1,250, 172; cash dividends, $545, 155; stock dividends, $100,000. Thomas W. Tucker is the president and Henry C. Short secretary of the company. Firemen's insurance company of Baltimore, Md., was organized December 25, 1825, and began business August 2, 1826. The original paid-up capital was $18,012. The present amount is $378,000. The officers are James M. Anderson, president; and F. E. S. Wolfe, secretary. The directors are James M. Anderson, Joseph James Taylor, George Franck, Hugh W Bolton, Wiliam H. Vickery, Wiliam Whitelock, A. Joseph Myers, William A. Boyd, George A. Blake, James R. Clark, William Renshaw, A. J. Albert, J. Olney Norris, Thornton Rollins, John M. Littig, Robert Rennert, Robert N. Wilson, John S. Bullock, Henry A. Parr, and O. A. Kirkland. Firemen's insurance company of Chicago was organized originally as The Union Fire insurance company" of Decatur, the charter bearing date of February 21, 1867. The company was reorganized and began business in Chicago, April 27, 1876, under its present name. The authorized capital is $500,000. Of this amount $100,000 was paid up in cash. The present paid-up capital is $250,000, being increased to that sum in 1888. The company conducts a regular fire insurance business. The officers are George F. Harding, president; Abner C. Harding, vice-president; J. L. Skelton, secretary; and E. R. Letterman, assistant secretary. The directors are George F. Harding, George F. Harding, Jr., A. C. Harding, George R. Grant, and W. M. Gregg. Firemen's insurance company of Cincinnati, O., was incorporated and began business in 1832. The capital is $100,000. The present officers are George McLaughlin, president, and Albert Capelle, secretary. The directors are A. H. Hinkle, P. A. White, Samuel J. Hale, J. H. Bates, T. M. Hinkle, Robert Brown, C. C. Murdock, Frank Ellis, G. McLaughlin, James Hicks, W. S. Sampson, Julius Webster, J. W. Bullock, Aaron Torrence, and J. L. Whetstone. Firemen's insurance company of Dayton, O., was incorporated and began business in 1856. The capital is $250,000. S. Craighead is president, and Charles Richardson, secretary. Firemen's insurance company of Newark, N. J., was organized and began business December 3, 1855, with a capital of $50,000, being originally known as the Firemen's Mutual insurance company, but the word "mutual" was discarded in 1874. The present capital is $600,000. The officers are John H. Kase, president; Daniel H. Dunham, vice president; and Charles Collyer, secretary. The directors are Benjamin C. Miller, John P. Jube, Algernon S. Hubbell, Aaron Ward, Daniel I. Colton, Henry J. Yates, James R. Sayre, Jr., Charles L. Jones, John H. Kase, Wm. Jackson, Frederick S. Douglas, Edward H. Wright, Albert Baldwin, Edmund H. Davey, Lemuel Thomas, Edgar E. Bond, Thomas W. Longstroth, James Peckwell, Thomas Oakes, J. Ward Woodruff, Daniel H. Dunham, Charles Collyer, Geo. A. Halsey, Frederick Frelinghuysen, Thomas T. Kinney, Howard W. Hayes, Matthias Plum, Edgar B. Ward, Riley W. Bond, and Horace Alling. The charter authorizes a fire insurance business only, which it transacts in the eastern, middle, and western states. All agents report directly to the home office. Firemen's insurance company of New Orleans, was organized February 25, and began business March 1, 1875, and has a capital of $150,000. It does a fire business only. The present officers are Otto Thoman, president, and B. W. Seawell, Jr., secretary. The directors are Peter Blaise, H. Borey, P. Doerr, H. Ellermann, John Everett, P. Egan, John Fitzpatrick, C. Taylor Gauche, Toby Hart, A. H. Isaacson, J. Larroque, I. N. Marks, F. L. Matthews, A. H. Sieward, Jacob Schoen, J. H. Schiermann, Otto Thoman, and George Zetzmann. Firemen's insurance company of Washington and Georgetown, District of Columbia, was incorporated and began business in March, 1837. The original paid-up capital was $40,000, but is now $100,000. The officers are Albert A. Wilson, president, and C. W. Howard, secretary. The directors are Albert A. Wilson, E. G. Davis, Joseph Redfern, William J. Wilson, Frank Hume, C. C. Duncanson, Samuel E. Wheatley, Henry C. McCauley, Frank Lutz, Dorsey Clagett, J. W. Hoffman, John M. Waters, and George W. Cropley. Fire Patrols and Salvage Corps: The fire patrols of the United States are a monument to the enlightened self-interest of the fire under writers. They have made them what they are, and, in nearly all cases, they support them. The interest that they have in the preservation of property is certainly a great incentive toward efficiency, and it is probable that, no matter whether city governments undertake the control and maintenance of the salvage corps or not, insurance companies are likely to augment any action of cities toward the preservation of property from fire loss to the fullest extent. New York city was the pioneer in these organizations. In 1839, a number of fire underwriters of New York established a society that was known as the "Fire Police." Although it had no charter, the society was recognized by the city authorities as a useful institution, having for its function the protection of property, and in cases of fire its members were given certain police powers. In the act of May 9, 1867, of the New York legislature incorporating the New York Board of Fire Underwriters, power was given to the board to establish the present efficient Fire Patrol of the city of New York. Fires in Principal Cities in 1891, Statistics of: The following table, exhibiting number of fires and insurance thereon in principal cities of the United States in 1891, was compiled from a statement prepared by the committee on statistics of the National Board of Fire Underwriters: |