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ance is not fo rural as when the lofty trees fpread out their fhadowy branches. The tomb in the drawing inferibed with the name of "SHENSTONE," fhews the fpot where he lies; it was intended that the urn in the church fhould have been placed over his grave, as alluded to in the laft line of the epitaph; but it was placed in the church, from the idea that it would foon be injured in the church yard. D. PARKES.

Mr. URBAN, Near Gainfbrough, June 24. HA AVING given you a fhort ftatement of the mode of treatment I have found fo efficacious in Scarlet Fever, I now proceed to give a concife view of the practical information, in the fucceeding tract, on inflammation of the bowels, and frangulated rupture.

That I may not trefpafs too far upon the indulgence you fo kindly grant ine, I fhall not enter upon any arguments; but fhall merely flate, that I conceive ftrangulated rupture and inflammation of the bowels to be virtually and effentially the fame diforder, and to require the fame mode of treatment. It is very well known, that a rupture may take place, and be returned, frequently, without danger, or trouble; and that when frangulated, and dangerous, it is inflamed. In general, I believe that ftrangulation only takes place when the conftitution is difordered, and inflammation is at hand, to fix upon the protruded portion; but, whether the firangulation, or the inflammatory flate, or tendency, be the first requifite, that ftrangulation is attended with inflammation; and, as fuch, I conceive it ought to be treated in the fame manner; for, if a ftrangulated inteftine be returned, either with or without an operation, there is no fafety (as fatal experience has too often taught), unlefs the inflammation be removed alto; for, when the bowels are inflamed, whether they be in or out of their natural fituation, the patient is in danger.

The mode of treatment, in inflammation of the bowels, which I am now going to lay down, has been invariably fuccessful in a great many cafes, many of them of the moft alarming kind; and I have likewife employed it in feveral cafes of ftrangulated rupture, when every effort to relieve (excepting an operation, which too often proves a fruitless pain) had been tried in vain, with equal fuccefs. Indeed, fo ftriking, fo decided were its effects in ftrangulated

rupture, in the very firft cafe in which it was tried; that, after every attempt to reduce it had proved effectual, by the following treatinent, not only the fe ver, the pain, and the inflammation, were removed, but the protrufion and obftruction of the bowels alfo; for the protruded inteftine recovered its natural fituation, without any manual affiftance whatever.

The mode of treatment, then, which I have recommended to public attention, in that little tract, may be comprifed in a few words: give opium, whenever pain may require it; and give calomel every one, two, or three hours, till the bowels be opened, or till its action on the mouth be evident. In the latter cafe, if the bowels be not opened at the fame time, difcontinue the calomel, and empty them by the means of other purgatives.

In thefe diforders, however, the mouth is feldom affected, at least materially fo, before the bowels are in every refpect relieved.

As pain and tenderuefs of the abdomen are general fymptoms, and frequently very diftreffing, let one grain, or two, of opium be given at first; if the pain be not fenfibly relieved, in an hour's time, give half a grain, or a grain more; and again, in another hour, a third dofe, if neceffary; but by no means gave it unneceffarily.

If the firft or fecond dofe remove the pain, difcontinue the opium; but have recourfe to it again, if the pain revive.

Some degree of uneasiness, tendernefs, and trouble, muft and will remain till the inflammation be removed: thefe, however, do not require opium; it is only when they amount to pain that opium becomes neceffary; but, whenever it must be given, let the dofe always be proportioned to the age and strength of the patient, and to the degree of pain to be relieved. Laudanum may be used, inftead of opium, if more agreeable.

The chief dependence is upon calomel. Pain, in thefe diforders, is attended with coftiveness; and, till that be removed, the calomel muft be given, with unremitted conftancy, every one, two, or three hours, according to the feverity of the cafe; unlefs, as before obferved, the mouth become affected. The calomel may be given in dofes of three, four, or fix grains, as the firength of the patient, and urgency of the cafe, may feem to demand. It is beft given in the form of pills. If the ftomach be

affected

affected with sickness, it may be formed into pills, by means of the foft crumb of bread, or a little aromatic confection, or conferve of any kind; but, if the ftomach be not diftreffed with vomiting, the calomel may be conjoined with an equal weight of the colocynth pill, with aloes, or the common aloetic pill, and thus formed into pills. For example, if one drachm of calomel be incorporated with an equal weight of colocynth pill, or aloetic pill, with a few drops of the effential oil of mint, or peppermint, if agreeable, and the mafs be formed into thirty pills; then two or three of thole pills may be given, every one, two, or three hours, till they fhew their effects. Whenever opium is given, always let the calomel pills be given along with it.

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Should the mouth be affected before the bowels are opened, difcontinue the calomel, and give active purgations, fuch as the refin of jalap, colocynth pill with aloes, or the cathartie extract, with caltor oil, if not difagreeable to the ftomach. I would be more particular, but for fear of intruding too much upon your goodness; and for the fame reafon I muft pafs over the minuter directions, refpecting the reduction of rupture, after the calomel manifefts its action on the fyftem.

Before I difimifs this fubject, to proceed to the next, permit me to make the few following remarks, as not irrelevant :

Thofe ftatements in the Reviews of

the tract in queftion, which I have feen, are erroneous; they reprefent me as ordering opium to be conftantly given with cvery dofe of calomel; which is an error that may be productive of fatal confequences, in fome cafes, if made the rule of practice.

Another circumftance, for its novelty, deferves notice. A Reviewer for the London Medical Journal, fatisfied, I prefume, with the advantages arifing from the uncertain and inefficacious means commonly employed, thinks improvement in medical practice a proper fubject for ridicule !

Perhaps it will be faid, that calomel and opium have occafionally, before now, been ordered in inflammation of the bowels. So they may, but never in the manner that I have directed, and never in any manner that I ever heard of in tirangulated rupture. Opium has occafionally been directed to be given to afford the patient a little refpite, when

worn out with pain; but never, that I know of, at the first attack; and calomel, as a purgative, has been given, with other cathartics, occafionally. Nay, one medical writer has directed it to be given, in fome cafes, to the amount of ten, or even twenty grains, which is his maximum. This, however, is trifling, and in general amounts to nothing; as it is a flight cafe, indeed, which yields to thirty or forty grains; and I very frequently have found it neceffary to continue it till fixty, eighty, and fometimes more than one hundred grains, have been given, and that too with the happieft fuccefs: a success, indeed, which has been fo conftant, that, knowing the practice is new, from a with that it might become generally ufeful, I determined upon making it public. I did not, however, fuppofe that, for fo doing, I fhould be treated either with ridicule or contempt; neither did I expect that the total inattention of the Faculty, to a fubject of fuch importance, would have driven me to the necellity of applying for alliftance, that the publick may not be deprived of the advantages which I am perfuaded the adoption of thefe modes of treatment would be attended with, without knowing, at least, that a mode of treatment, hitherto invariably fuc cessful, for their fakes, has been propofed, on the bafis of much experience, by E. PEART.

your

Mr. URBAN, Guernsey, June 11. I HAVE for fome time noticed in

the writings of your friend the Architect, and of Mr. Carter, to whom the lovers of the Architecture of the Middle Ages in England are fo much indebted, a conftant endeavour for introducing a new term for the beautiful fpecies of the general fyftem which prevailed in this country; on which I fhould not, however, have been forward to offer any thing beyond what fell, by the by, in my endeavour for faving Sir Chriftopher Wren from a groundlefs charge, had I not feen a note in the Antiquarian Society's late publication of Durham cathedral, by Mr. Carter, which, collecting the whole of his sentiments, fcattered in his other productions, into a fingle point of view, has, from the fanction under which it appears, a tendency to divert from the path of juft enquiry. The note is as follows:

"It is much to be wished that the word

The

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Gothic fhould no longer he used in speaking the rudiments of which the Gothic of the Architecture of England, from the fettlers took up p from the debafed 18th to the 16th century. The term tends ftyle of the latter empire; and, being to give a falfe idea on the fubject, and ori completed by them to a diftinct model, ginates with the Italian writers of the 14th has a fair claim to the name of ancient and 15th centuries, who applied the ex- Gothic, as it was called, about fixty preffion of la maniera Gotica" in con- years ago, before Bishop Littelton and tempt of all the works of art of the Middle Dr. Ducarel, as I think, led the way Ages. From these fe writers it was bore to new diftinctions. In orders as rowed by Sir Chriftopher Wren, the first feenis, to complete the English claim, English writer who has applied it to English, Architecture. There is very little doubt it has been a favourite endeavour to conthat the light and elegant ftyle of building, fine the invention of the pointed arch whofe principal and characteristic feature to our native land. It took its rife at! is the high pointed arch, ftruck from two St. Crofs, at Glastonbury, or in any centres, was invented in this country. It place where interlaced circular arches are is certain that it was here brought to the found; but what fay you, Mr. Urban, highest ftate of perfection; and the tefti- to finding fuch in the church of St. mony of other countries, whofe national Mark, at Venice, by Grecian hands, traditions afcribe their most beautiful of the ninth century; and pointed churches to English artifts, adds great arches detached in the aqueduct of Jufweight to this affertion, and peculiar pro- tinian, at Conftantinople, fome centupriety to the term English now propofed to be fubftituted to the word Gothic. The 4th at leaft? Thus we fee the princiries older, and to be traced back to the Architecture ufed by the Saxons is very pal feature of an English ftyle not the properly called Saxon; the improvements introduced after the Norman Conqueft juf difcovered, at home, in very early ediproduce of our foil. It may yet be tify the application of Norman to the edifices of that period. The nation affumed a fices; and in the 12th century, new character about the time of Henry. cradle of the fecond ttyle of Gothic language properly called English was building, it is found commonly fupthen formed, and an Architecture founded ported by the pillars, and decorated on the Saxon and Norman (but extremely with the ornaments proper to the first, different from both) was invented by Eng- as at St. Crofs, 1132; Tewksbury ablith artists. It furely is equally juft and bey, 1102; Magdalen chapel, Winchefproper to diftinguith this ftyle by the ho- ter, 1174, &c. In the fame age it is nourable appellation of English. This alfo to be found attended with the comterm will therefore be ufed, inftead of ponent parts of what the Architect Gothic, in the courfe, of the work; and it priory, built before 1135. With that names the pointed ftyle, at Dunftable arch are found flender pillars, and fuch a change of mouldings, as rather denote fome advance in the new manner. chapel of the Trinity annexed, built The choir at Canterbury cathedral, and from 1174 to 1184, are vaulted throughout, and contain moft of the rudimental forms; while on the Western cross-aile, fo much felection and delicacy appears, at Rochefter cathedral, of about 1179, that it might be taken for a later work. Thus it is found that the invention of the fecond ftyle is carried back to the century before that prefcribed in the improvements; and these may be folnote, and that nothing remains but lowed with the greatest honour to our English artifts; but improvement and invention are fumewhat different; and when we find the repair at Canterbury, wherein their specific external feature, the arched (by a certain affectation, called flying) buttress firft occurs, the work of William of Sens, a French

is to be hoped no English Antiquary will be offended at the fubftitution of an accu, rate and honourable name, in the place of one which is both contemptuous and inappropriate."

On the principal pofitions of this note, I beg to make the following obfervations.

If nothing less than the invention of an Architecture can give a juft title to a name, then the ftyle of building used by the Saxons is not properly called Saxon; for, from our oldeft records, we are affured the first edifices of the Saxons, after their convertion, with which the rest correfpond, were the work of foreign artifts; and why the Norman Jabours are to be named Saxon, and only their improvements be called Norman, is a difficulty not to be accounted for but on the neceflities of fyftem. But the Architecture of the Saxons, as well as that of the Nor mans, are but national varieties of the mode of building then in general ufe,

.

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mau, to whom Gervaife gives the character of an accomplished builder, we may fuppofe the fame fyftem in Architecture was carrying on abroad; that it was, is evident, from the view of the cathedral of Cambray, of 1149, in the fame clafs as at Canterbary. This leads me to the traditiour of the note, which ought to have been eftablished on good authorities. Instead of foreign countries, the English, claim feems likely to be confined to thofe parts of France once in our poffeffion. For the names of fo many of the architects of the moit beautiful, churches in France are yet preferved; and do but little for the traditional teftimony in our favour. Befides, the French claim for Peter de Montreul, one of St. Lewis's architects and engineers, the invention of the narrow pier between the high extenfive window, and fhew examples of their firft ufage in the Sainte Chapel at Paris, 1247; the Lady Chapel of St. Germain des Prez, 1246, and the refectory in that ancient and famous monaftery, in the fame ftyle, 1239, a defcription of which may be feen in Bouillart's hiftory. What share thefe inventions had in introducing that flenderness and lightness which is the perfection of the style, every one knows, who has duly confidered the fubject; and unlefs the Architect can bring proof pofitive (fometimes rather difficult with Antiquaries) that they are found at home previous to thofe dates, much must be left in French hands; and although this is with me a point perfectly indifferent (notwithstanding that at prefent I breathe a fort of Norman air), I am led to think we owe fomething to the artifts of that country, as the greater part of fuch architectonic terms, in urfe among our ancestors, as I have been able to collect, are derived from the French language. Italy had its feries of artists, and fhared many for other countries Peter Cavallini was in England, and is fuppofed, by Vertue, 10 have been the defigner of Queen Eleanor's eroffes; William, a Fiorentine, was painter and overfeer to Henry III. at his manor of Guildford and Torrigiano executed the monument of Henry VII. in the best manner of thofe times; and is faid, by Vafari, to have been invited over to allift in the erection of Henry VII's Chapel, and to have been the fuperior artift of the abbey church at Batalha we are favoured with fine engravings. This was the work of David Hacker,

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an Irish artist, and is a fine fpecimen o the variety of its age in Portugal, being light, elegant, and the pointed arch prevailing throughout, although it has fomething of a Morefco air; and it is very doubtful whether thofe nations would acknowledge England as their miftrefs in this art, whole precepts were carried every where by monaftic intercourfe. But then your Architect fays, fuch things as pointed arches, and objects trained into the appearances of niches (that is niches), of buttrelles, and pinacles, have appeared on the face of the globe; the minute parts differ. Thus by conceding the principal, and confining the difference to minute parts alone, he reduces his English invention to a variety or fpecies of a general cotemporary model, or fyftem of building, agreeable to the inference naturally refulting from what has been offered.

On another occafion, it was thewn that Sir Chriftopher Wren did not first apply, in our language, the word Go thic to the kinds of Architecture we have here in view; and it may alfo be doubted whether it was derived from the Italians, whofe Struttura Tedefca denoted what we at home call Gothic, while la maniera Gotica was applied to the earlier edifices of the Middle Ages, and fuch as fucceeded in the Gyle of our Saxon building, and were the labours of their Gothic ancestors. From this early mode, under its Saxon and Norman ufages, Mr. Carter adinits what has hitherto been called Gothic to be derived; by which he allows it really to have had a Gothic origin; and, fome little ftrictnefs in derivation got over, would it not be defirable that this term, duly qualified, fhould be retained, agreeable to the cuftom of every nation in Europe, rather than the

pointed arched ftyle," applicable, as it is, to feveral others, or the " Engglith," the propriety of which is at best but doubtful?

Nor can the nations whofe ancestors were Gothic, and whole laws and manners are generally the remains and refults of the customs of their ancestors, ever find their architecture degraded by a title not degrading to themfelves; and when it is confidered that the Gothic character was not parted with, if at all, till after the revival of the arts, it must be evident that any mode of building, or other cuftom, in ufe among them, cannot be better marked than by the Gothic, which, as it concerns

the

the prefent fubject, was intended to difcriminate between the Architecture of the Middle Ages, or Gothic, and the revived antique.

INDAGATOR WINTONIENSIS.

Mr. URBAN,

July 4.

but he who undertakes to censure ano-
ther, fhould first be well affured, that
the party, whom he drags before the
publiek, is the guilty party; efpecially
when the charges are laid upon the
ground of interpolation, ignorance, and
conceit. Much more might be faid,
Mr. Urban, on the letter figned
but it is not the intention of the writer
of this to retaliate the injuries done to a
friend; his object is the redress of
wrong.
PHILO.

Mr. URBAN,
THE following is a copy

July 6.

THE
of the in-
fcription on Pompey's pillar, as
prefented to the Society of Antiquaries,
from the difcoverers, by Dr. Raine :
TO ....
ΩΤΑΤΟΝ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΑ

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ΤΟΝ

It is not, therefore, without furprife, that I have feen (pp. 322, 397) the has miftakingly given to this infcripform which your correfpondent B. B. tion, and the ill-timed and injudicious remarks of your correfpondent . They will, I am fure, be happy in an opportunity to fhift from Dr. Raine's thoul ders the refponfibility to which they have rendered him liable; and & perhaps may learn a little caution in commencing an attack, without any ground of provocation to ftand upon.

WO correfpondents of yours, one who figns himfelf B. B. (p. 322) the other figuing hinfelf z. (p. 397) have fent you fome erroneous fiatements, and mifapplied criticifms, at Dr. Raine's expence. Permit me, as a friend of Dr. Raine, to give the former of thefe gentlemen an opportunity to rectify his miftake, and the latter to retract his loofe affertions and unwarranted remarks; if he have, as I doubt not he has, a juft regard to truth and fair dealing. B. B. gives (p. 322) a copy of an infeription, purporting to TON HOAIOYXON AAƐZANAPEIAC be that which Dr. Raine prefented to ΔΙΟ .... 1ANON TON.... the Society of Antiquaries, at the reΠΟ ΕΠΑΡΧΟΣ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΟΥ queft of Meffrs. Leake, Squire, and Hamilton, the difcoverers of the infcription on the pillar in the neighbourhood of Alexandria, known by the name of Pompey's pillar. I was prefent, Sir, when Dr. Raine's letter, accompanied by the memoir of the gentlemen abovementioned, was read. None of the lacunæ were understood to be filled up at all, much lefs by Dr. Raine, who only offered one conjecture, in the poftfcript of his letter, on the probability that the firft word of the fourth line originally food Touros. Now, Sir, if copies have been handed about, as coming from one or other of Your correfpondent Philoretes (p. the difcoverers, with the lacunæ filled 514) wifhes for an explanation of the up by them, it is not difficult to fup- Greek characters at the head of the inpofe that your correfpondent B. B. fcription on Dr. Johnfon's monument, coming into poffeffion of a copy, might in St. Paul's cathedral. The antients identify it with that which was predicate their monuments to the Dis were accuftomed, Mr. Urban, to defented to the Society of Antiquaries. But on what authority does your correfpondent 2. fhew that the infcription (p. 322) was introduced there, as he affirms, in fo many words, by Dr. Raine? (See p. 398, col. a. I. 21.) The writer of this knows, Sir, that Dr. Raine had no concern with the letter figned B. B. nor with the contents of it. By what pretenfions to candour and fair dealing does z juftify the fupercilious flippancy with which he treats Dr. Raine, in the remarks he has thought fit to make in confequence of his falfe aflumption?

Critics, who are bold enough publicly to hazard conjectures on antient writings, are allowed to be fair game;

Manes. Hence you find at the head of almost all their monumental inferiptions the letters D. M. and not unfre quently the words Diis Manibus at length. The Chriftians of the Roman empire, partly in imitation of this prac tice, and perhaps to guard them felves from the imputation of heathen fuperftition, dedicated their monuments to Chrift, who, in the language of the book of Revelations, is A and . The meaning, then, is, that the monument is dedicated to Chrift, who is A and . The middle character is a X, the firft letter of Xporos, with a P on the head of it. If Philoretes will ftate his objections to the Latinity of the infcription

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