heathen monument; but Dr. Borlase, in his " Antiquities of Cornwall," regards it as a Christian memorial. The legend runs from the top to the bottom, and is as follows: "RIALOBRAN CUNOVAL FILIVS."

6. At S. BLAZEY. This is unquestionably a Christian monument. It is a curious stone, and has some rude ornaments sculptured on its sides. One part of the inscription is illegible; the rest is as follows: "ALRORON VILLICI FILIVS." Here there are two crosses.

7. Near the church of S. GALVAL. Here, in " Barlowenna bottom," is another of these singular relics. The inscription is : QVENATAV ICDINUI FILIVS." There are three dashes after the first word, marking the abbreviation from QVENATAVUS." This stone was formerly used as a foot-bridge over a small stream, but I believe it has since been erected in its proper position.

8. At S. MAWGAN in Meneage. The inscription on this stone is: "CNEGUMI FIL. ENANS." There is no Christian symbol, neither are there any heathen devices; but it is called by the peasants of the neighbourhood "Mawgan Cross."

9. Near S. ENODER. This is a plain block, having this inscription: "RVANI HIC JACET." Who Ruanus was is not known. The inscription does not appear to be complete, it was probably "FILIUS RUANI HIC JACET."

10. At S. CLERE. This is one of those which I propose to call Votive or Rogatory Memorials. It is undoubtedly Christian, and commemorates a king of Cornwall who was drowned A.D. 872. The sides are adorned with Saxon devices, and on one front are four panels of the Saxon interlaced knot, very elegant; the two uppermost are broken. In the top there is a mortice for a cross. The inscription is: "DONIERT ROGAVIT PRO ANIMA." Near this stone is another called "theother-half-stone." The side is ornamented with Saxon work, and there is a mortice in the top for a cross. It has been split into two parts from the top to the bottom, by which the mortice was laid open; as if it had been done by the forcible dragging out of the cross.

11. At S. Martin's, CAMBOrne. This very curious stone stands by the church wall, and bears an inscription somewhat similar to that of the foregoing. It is as follows: LEVIVT JVSSIT HOC ALTARE PRO ANIMA SUA."

"

12. At WORTHYVALE, near Camelford. The legend is as follows: "CATIN HIC JACET FILIVS MAGARI."

I shall now proceed to notice,

III. THE SANCTUARY CROSSES.

And first I will enumerate the several examples, which have come under my notice, according to the subdivisions given at the outset. (a) SANCTUARY CROSSES PROPER. 1. S. Uny, Lelant; 2. S. Buryan; 3. S. Sancret, Sancreed; 4. S. Levan; 5. S. Hydroc, Lanivet.

(B) SANCTUARY STANDARD CROSSES. 1. Trevalga; 2. S. Mawgan in Pyder; 3. S. Mary, Callington; 4. S. Flock; 5. S. Gothian, Gwithian; 6. S. Illogan; 7. S. Ia and S. Andrew, S. Ives; 8. S. Madron; 9. S. Gomonda, Roche; 10. S. Juliot; 11. S. Gerennius, Gerrans; 12. S. Keyne; 13. S. Symphorian, Forrabury.

(7) ORATORY STANDARD CROSSES. 1. At Treveltry, in the parish of S. Mary, Trevalga; 2. At S. Paulinus, Paul; 3. S. Piran, Zabuloe; 4. SS. Cyricus and Julieta, Luxulyan; 5. Near S. Symphorian, Tintagel; 6. Winwallo, Gunwalloe; 7. At Grampound; 8. At Lanhorne ; 9. Vicarage, S. Stedian, Stithians; 10. At Pradanack; 11. Near "the Sanctuary," S. Buryan; 12, 13, 14, on S. Michael's Mount; 15. S. Clere.

I shall now proceed to describe such of the above as may seem worthy of particular notice:

(a) 1. These are singular crosses, of somewhat similar form; that in the churchyard is unique in Cornwall [as far as my experience, which is pretty considerable, goes] having, instead of the usual form, a S. Andrew's Cross cut in bas-relief on both sides.

2. These are very fine examples. That within the churchyard stands on three large square steps; the cross, which bears on one side a figure of cur blessed LORD, and on the other side five round knobs, (i.e. the five sacred wounds) has the four arms connected by a circle. This is a very early cross; some have even asserted that it was erected by S. Buryan herself, A.D. 500. The other cross, which stands outside the churchyard, also stands upon three steps, the uppermost of which is octagonal. Upon this is set a short shaft and disc, bearing a figure of our blessed LORD. The lowest step is a very deep one.

3. One of these crosses is by the walk leading to the south porch; the other in the churchyard wall near the west end. The former is a very curious example, and may be of the thirteenth century. It has a figure of our LORD clad in a vesture reaching to the knees; beneath His feet is a S. Andrew's Cross, and at the lower part a jug, having in it a stiff species of trefoil-flower. The sides, also, are ornamented with carving.

4. These crosses are both of the same general outline,-the usual shaft and disc; on one of them is a small figure of CHRIST crucified, on the other a plain cross, with square ornaments at the extremities of the arms.

5. These must have been once very handsome crosses. One is on one side of the church; the other on the other side. That which seems to be the oldest and is probably of Saxon date is sadly mutilated. The other, although bearing all the marks of great antiquity, is in a much better state of preservation. The limbs of the cross are connected by a circle, and the face of the shaft retains considerable traces of scroll-work.

(B) 1. This is a very massive cross of the usual shaft and disc form, and has the two projecting members beneath the disc. It is laid down in the path leading to the south porch. [The arch of the inner doorway, though much mutilated, is of the straight-sided form, and retains what is probably the original door of corresponding shape.]

2. This is a very handsome canopied cross of Middle-Pointed date. It consists of a square and slender shaft, standing on two steps, and supporting a block of stone, on each side of which is a niche. One of these contains the Crucifixion; another a sculpture of some ancient legend, of which nothing is now known. On the other sides are figures of saints.

3. This is also a canopied cross, of somewhat similar form, but of Third-Pointed work. It represents on one side the Crucifixion, on another the blessed Virgin, and the Holy BABE; on the third and fourth figures of monks kneeling, and with their hands extended in the attitude of prayer.

4. A plain, low cross of the usual form. is detached, and is a very plain structure.]

[The tower of this church

5, 6. Two plain crosses of similar design. The cross and circle are carved in bas-relief on the disc-in both instances a Greek cross.

7. This curious cross was discovered in the north side of the churchyard by some workmen who were making an excavation. It represents the Crucifixion; the blessed Virgin crowned and holding in her hands the Holy BABE; and in the sides two figures, probably S. Peter and S. Paul.

8. A plain cross of the usual form.

9. A very ancient example curiously ornamented. (I have already noticed this cross.)

10. Of somewhat similar design to No. 1. It has a good base.

11. This cross, which has recently been re-erected near the south porch of Gerrans church, is a singular example of the inclined disc. It is of the usual shaft and disc form, and was till lately used as a coping stone on the churchyard wall, in which position it was known by the village children as "the great custace." There are three steps leading to it.

12. A Latin cross outside the churchyard. It projects into the road, one arm being built into the churchyard wall.

13. This cross, of the usual shaft and disc form, stands just outside the churchyard gate. It has a Latin cross on one side and a Greek cross on the other. The base is a rude slab of granite.

(7) 1. This cross stands near a singular well in what is now a farm yard. It is of the usual form, but the top is broken.

2. A somewhat similar example to that in S. Buryan churchyard, It has the arms connected by a circle, and represents the Crucifixion. 3. This has been already described, and resembles that at S. Gomonda, Roche.

4. An elaborate canopied cross. The head alone now remains and it has been placed on the summit of a conical mound in the Rookery of the Parsonage. Why was it not placed in the churchyard? It represents under the first niche an aged figure (probably intended for GoD THE FATHER) sitting in a chair, holding on His lap the crucified SAVIOUR in the next is a female saint, holding a scythe in the next S. James the Less: in the last the figure of an abbat. Some of the crockets remain, but the finial is gone. [There are remains of a curious rood-screen in Luxulyan church, and there is a holy well in the parish with a pointed arch.]

5. This must once have been a very handsome cross, and, as far as can be ascertained from existing remains, of unique form. When complete, it probably bore some resemblance to the celebrated Egham example, which was restored by Howard the philanthropist. The base and lower part alone exist, and the shaft is covered with richly carved foliage, scroll-work, &c.

6. Gunwalloe church was built by a rich stranger who was wrecked close by, and who had vowed to erect a church on the very spot on which he should land; but, as he landed on a cliff, it was impossible to conform strictly to the terms of the vow; so he erected a cross there, and built the church on the level ground beyond. The cross has been thrown down, and is supposed to be lying in the bed of a stream hard-by. If so, it ought to be restored; if it is not to be found, it would be a deed of Christian piety to erect a similar memorial on the rock again.

7. The remains of this cross also mark it to be of a unique form in Cornwall. It was probably very fine, but the shaft alone remains. It has been imitated and successfully adopted in the cross erected by Mr. White, architect, in memory of the Rev. G. L. Cornish, at S. Cuby, Kenwyn.

8. For an account of this singular cross, with a fac-simile of the inscription, I would refer the reader to the article in the Ecclesiologist before alluded to. Also for Nos. 12, 13, 14.

9. This cross now stands in the vicarage grounds, Stithians; but whether this was its original position, or not, I cannot say. It is a very interesting example. A Latin cross on the face of the shaft and disc, and between the arms the four nails; those above showing the heads only, the other two showing the whole length.

10. This cross stands in a field, where, no doubt, once existed one of those chapels which were once so numerous in Cornwall, but of which in almost every instance nothing now remains but the name. is similar to that last described, but has not the nails.

I

11. This cross stands near some ruins still called "the Sanctuary." They are supposed to be the remains of the chapel of the Deaneryhouse, and were greatly venerated by the inhabitants. They were destroyed by the fanatic Shrubsall, governor of Pendennis Castle under the usurper Cromwell. The cross is small and of the Greek form, and has a kilted figure of our LORD carved in bas-relief on one of the faces. 15. This is a Latin cross, but it has a Greek cross carved on its face, and some singular waving lines. It stands beside the holy well of S. Cleer, where are the ruins of a chapel.

Although I have enumerated and described a considerable number of our old Cornish crosses, yet, of course, a great many must remain unnoticed. Before I conclude I must thankfully acknowledge that I am indebted for the excellent and comprehensive nomenclature which I have used in this paper, to the very elaborate articles on " Ancient Crosses," by J. D. Chambers, Esq., which have appeared in former numbers of the Ecclesiologist ;-articles, in which, as they treated of ancient crosses generally, of course but a small space could be allotted to the consideration of Cornish crosses. I hope, however, that in the present account, enough has been said to give a good idea of the principal characteristics of these most interesting relics--relics of those glorious days of the Church, when England bore the proud title of "the Land of Saints;" of the time when the Church was revered as the " Mother of us all," and the "Spouse of CHRIST," and universally acknowledged to be "the Church of the Living GOD; the pillar and the ground of the truth"-days, we should now be told forsooth, of

superstition and debasing darkness. It may not be amiss to notice here some monumental crosses which have recently been put up in Cornish churches. At S. Clement's, near Truro; at King Charles the Martyr, Falmouth; and at S. Uny, Lelant, crosses have recently been erected, crosses slightly varied from those given in the first number of the Instrumenta Ecclesiastica, (Series I). I would also mention the very handsome crosses at S. Cuby, Kenwyn, in memory of members of the Cornish family; one at S. Veep; and another very simple but elegant example recently erected in S. Colan churchyard, in memory of the mother of the vicar. The humility and simplicity of the inscription on the last are very commendable.

the. I know that my Redeemer libeth. A.C. mdeceli.

MR. RUSKIN'S STONES OF VENICE.

(Second Notice.)

In our former paper on this volume, we reviewed its first portion, which dealt with architectural construction. Architectural decoration is the subject of the remainder of his treatise, upon which we shall now proceed to make a few observations.

Mr. Ruskin distinguishes three steps in the process of decorating architecture: "First, to find out in a grave manner what we like best; secondly, to put as much of this as we can, (which is little enough,) into form; thirdly, to put this formed abstraction into a proper place,"―p. 205. In other words, he divides the question into the heads of the right material—the right treatment—and the right place of ornament.

As to the first of these points, we are told that "all noble ornamentation is the expression of man's delight in God's work." By consequence, ignoble ornamentation is the expression of man's delight in his own works. This Mr. Ruskin charges home to the degraded classic and Renaissance schools of art. And he certainly proves his position with much ingenuity; dividing this kind of ornamentation into the heads of (1) instruments of art, agriculture, and war; armour and dress; (2) drapery; (3) shipping; (4) architecture itself. He gives examples of all these classes; and we must extract one very truthful and interesting passage, respecting the abuse of drapery, as an architectural ornament. He begins by speaking of the church of the Jesuits, at Venice.

"On first entering you suppose that the church, being in a poor quarter of the city, has been somewhat meanly decorated by heavy green and white curtains of an ordinary upholsterer's pattern: on looking closer, they are discovered to be of marble, with the green pattern inlaid. Another remarkable instance is in a piece of not altogether unworthy architecture at Paris, (Rue Rivoli,) where the columns are supposed to be decorated by images of