cut. formed a union, which has ever since amicably fubfifted Connecibetween them. In 1672, the laws of the colony were revised, and the general court ordered them to be printed; and alfo, that "every family fhould buy one of the law books; fuch as pay in filver, to have a book for 12 d. fuch as pay in wheat, to pay a peck and half book; and fuch as pay in peafe, to pay 2s. a book, the peafe at 3s. the bufhel." at 3s. the bufhel." Perhaps it is owing to this early and universal spread of law books, that the people of Connecticut are to this day fo fond of the law. In 1750, the laws of Connecticut were again revised, and published in a small folio volume of 258 pages. Dr Douglas obferves, that they were the moll natural, equitable, plain, and concife code of laws for plantations hitherto extant." There has been a revision of them fince the peace, in which they were greatly and very judiciously fimplified. Connecti- were purchased of the Indians, and new towns fettled from Stamford to Stonington, and far back into the country, when, in 1661, Major John Mafon, as agent for the colony, bought of the natives all lands which had not before been purchafed by particular towns, and made a public furrender of them to the colony, in the prefence of the general affembly. Having done thefe things, the colonies petitioned King Charles II. for a charter, and their petition was granted. His Majefty, on the 23d of April 1662, iffued his letters patent under the great feal, ordaining that the colony of Connecticut fhould for ever hereafter be one body corporate and politic, in fact and in name, confirming to them their ancient grant and purchase, and fixing their boundaries as follows, viz. "All that part of his Majefty's dominions in New England, in America, bounded eaft by Narragansett river, commonly called Narra ganfett bay, where the river falleth into the fea; and on the north by the line of Maffachufets plantation, and on the fouth by the fea, and in longitude as the line of the Maffachusets colony, running from eaft to weft, that is to fay, from the faid Narragansett bay on the east, to the fouth fea on the weft part, with the iflands thereunto belonging." This charter has ever fince remained the bafis of the government of Connecticut. Such was the ignorance of the Europeans refpe&t ing the geography of America, when they firft affumed the right of giving away lands which the God of nature had long before given to the Indians, that their patents extended they knew not where, many of them were of doubtful construction, and very often covered each other in part, and have produced innumerable difputes and mifchiefs in the colonies, fome of which are not fettled to this day. Connecticut conftrued her charter literally, and paffing over New York, which was then in poffeffion of the fubjects of a Christian prince, claimed, in latitude and breadth mentioned therein, to the South Sea. Accordingly purchafes were made of the Indians, on the Delaware river, weft of the western bounds of New York, and within the fuppofed limits of Connecticut charter, and fettle ments were made thereon by people from, and under the jurifdiction of, Connecticut. The charter of Pennfylvania, granted to William Penn, in 1681, covered these settlements. This laid the foundation for a difpute, which for a long time was maintained with warmth on both fides. The matter was at laft fubmitted to gentlemen chofen for the purpofe, who decided the difpute in favour of Pennfylvania. Many, however, ftill affert the justice of the Connecticut claim. The ftate of Connecticut has lately ceded to Congrefs all their lands weft of Pennsylvania, except a referve of 20 miles fquare. This ceflion Congrefs have accepted, and thereby indubitably established the right of Connecticut to the reserve. The colony of New Haven, though unconnected with the colony of Connecticut, was comprehended within the limits of their charter, and, as they concluded, within their jurifdiction. But New Haven remonftrated againft their claim, and refused to unite with them until they fhould hear from England. It was not until the year 1665, when it was believed that the king's commiffioners had a defign upon the New England charters, that these two colonies The years 1675 and 1676 were diftinguished by the wars with Philip and his Indians, and with the Narragansetts, by which the colony was thrown into great diftrefs and confufion. The inroads of the enraged favages were marked with cruel murders, and with fire and devastation. In 1684, the charter of Massachusets bay and Plymouth were taken away, in confequence of Quo warrantos which had been iffued against them. The charter of Connecticut would have shared the fame fate, had it not been for Wadfworth, Efq; who, having very artfully procured it when it was on the point of being delivered up, buried it under an oak tree in Hartford, where it remained until all danger was over, and then was dug up and reaffumed. Connecticut has ever made rapid advances in population. There have been more emigrations from this than from any of the other ftates, and yet it is at prefent full of inhabitants. This increase, under the divine benediction, may be afcribed to feveral causes. The bulk of the inhabitants are induftrious, fagacious husbandmen. Their farins furnish them with all the necessaries, most of the conveniences, and but few of the luxuries, of life. They of courfe are generally tem perate, and, if they choose, can fubfift with as much independence as is confiftent with happiness. The fubfiftence of the farmer is fubftantial, and does not de pend on incidental circumftances, like that of most other profeflions. There is no neceffity of ferving an apprenticeship to the bufmefs, nor of a large stock of money to commence it to advantage. Farmers, who deal much in barter, have lefs need of money than any other clafs of people. The eafe with which a comfortable fubfiftence is obtained, induces the husbandman to marry young. The cultivation of his farm makes him ftrong and healthful. He toils cheerfully through the day eats the fruit of his own labour with a gladfome heart- at night devoutly thanks his boun teous God for his daily bleffings-retires to rest, and his fleep is fweet. Such circumftances as thefe have greatly contributed to the amazing increase of inhabitants in this ftate. - cut. cut Connor. Connecti- continue to be so as long as eftates defcend as they now do. No perfon is prohibited from voting, or from being elected into office, on account of his poverty. He who has the moft merit, not he who has the moft money, is generally chofen into public office. As in. ftances of this, it is to be obferved, that many of the citizens of Connecticut, from the humble walks of life, have arifen to the first offices in the state, and filled them with dignity and reputation. That bafe bufinefs of electioneering, which is fo directly calculated to introduce wicked and defigning men into office, is yet but little known in Connecticut. A man who wifhes to be chofen into office, acts wifely for that end, when he keeps his defires to himself. A thirst for learning prevails among all ranks of people in the ftate. More of the young men in Connecticut, in proportion to their numbers, receive a public education, than in any of the flates. Dr Franklin and other literary characters have honoured this ftate by faying, that it is the Athens of America. The revolution, which fo effentially affected the governments of most of the colonies, produced no very perceptible alteration in the government of Connecticut. While under the jurifdiction of Great Britain, they elected their own governors, and all fubordinate civil officers, and made their own laws in the fame manner and with as little control as they now do. Connecticut has ever been a republic, and perhaps as perfect and as happy a republic as has ever exiited. While other ftates, more monarchical in their government and manners, have been under a neceffity of undertaking the difficult task of altering their old, or forming new conftitutions, and of changing their monarchical for republican manners, Connecticut has uninterruptedly proceeded in her old track, both as to government and manners; and by thefe means has avoided thofe convulfions which have rent other ftates into violent parties. CONNECTION, or CONNEXION, the relation or dependence of one thing upon another. CONNECTION, or Continuity, in the drama, confifts in the joining of the feveral fcenes together. The connection is faid to be obferved, when the fcenes of an act fucceed one another immediately, and are so joined as that the age is never left empty. "CONNECTIVES, in grammar, one of the four fpecies under which, according to Mr Harris, all words may be included. They are of two kinds; and as they connect fentences or words, are called by the different names of conjunctions and prepofitions. See GRAMMAR. CONNIVENT VALVES, in anatomy, thofe wrinEles, cellules, and vafcules, which are found in the infide of the two inteftines ilium and jejunum. See ANATOMY no 93. et seq. CONNOISSEUR, a French term, of late ufed in English it literally denotes a perfon well verfed in any thing; being formed of the verb connoitre, "to know, understand." Hence it comes to be used in our language for a critic, or perfon who is a thorough judge or matter in any way, particularly in matters of painting and fculpture. CONNOR (Bernard), a learned physician, was born in the county of Kerry, in Ireland, about the year 1666. Having determined to apply himself to the ftudy of phyfic, he went to France, and refided fometime in the Connor univerfity of Montpelier. Afterwards he went to Paris; Conops where he obtained great fkill in medicine, anatomy, and chemistry. From thence he travelled to Venice, with the two fons of the high-chancellor of Poland; and then taking a tour through great part of Germany, went to Warfaw, where he was made phystcian to king John Sobieski. In 1695, he came to England, read a courfe of lectures in London and Oxford, and became member of the Royal Society and College of Phyficians; afterwards, being invited to Cambridge, he read public lectures there, and made various experiments in chemistry. He has rendered himfelf memorable for a philofophical and medical trea tife in Latin, entitled Evangelium Medici, i. e. "the Phyfician's Gofpel;" tending to explain the miracles performed by Chrift as natural events, upon the principles of natural philofophy. He wrote alfo a hiftory of Poland; and died in 1698, aged 32. CONNOR, a city of Ireland, in the county of Antrim and province of Ulfter. W. Long. 6. 30. N. Lat. 54. 50. CONOCARPUS, BUTTON-WOOD: A genus of the monogynia order, belonging to the pentandria clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 48th order, Aggregata. The corolla is pentapeta lous; the feeds naked, folitary, inferior; the flowers aggregate. There are two fpecies, the erecta and procumbens, both natives of the Weft Indies. They rife to the height of about 16 feet, but are trees of no beauty, nor is the wood of them used for any mechanic purpofe in the countries where they grow naturally. They are, however, preferved in fome botanic gardens in Britain for the fake of variety CONOID, in geometry, a folid body, generated by the revolution of a conic fection about its axis. See CONIC Sections. CONOIDES, in anatomy, a gland found in the third ventricle of the brain, called pinealis, from its refemblance to a pine-apple. See ANATOMY, n° 132. CONON, the renowned Athenian general and admiral, flourished 394 years before Chrift. See ATTIca, no 162, 163. After his defeat by Lyfander, he fed to Evagoras king of Cyprus: after which he put himself under the protection of Artaxerxes king of Perfia; with whofe army he delivered Athens from the oppreffion of ftrangers, and rebuilt its walls. In the 360th year of Rome, he beat the Lacedemonians in a fea-fight near Cnidus upon the coast of Afia, deprived them of the fovereign rule they had on fea ever fince the taking of Athens, and had fome other confiderable advantages over them: but falling into the hands of Teribazus a Perfian, who envied his glory, he was put to death. CONOPS, in zoology; a genus of infects belonging to the order diptera, the characters of which are: The roftrum is porrected, and jointed like a knee. The antennæ terminate by a flat and folid articulation, refembling the bowl of a fpoon, with a lateral bristle, which when clofely examined appears to be very hairy. Of this genus there are feveral fpecies. I. The 'calcitrans is to be found every where, especially in autumn, when it haraffes the horfes, and draws. blood from them with its fting. 2. The macrocephala might at first fight be mistaken for a species of wafp, Confangui. nity. pire. This being one of the earlieft inftances of fuch a Conrad profcription, the formula is inferted here for its fingu"We declare thy wife a widow, thy children farity. orphans; and we fend thee, in the name of the devil, to the four corners of the world." It was in the reign of this prince that the German fiefs became hereditary. He died in 1039. It is fmooth; the forepart of the head is lemon-colour, as are the poifers; the feet are duncoloured. The thorax is variegated with black and reddish dun. The fame takes place with refpect to the fegments of the abdomen; fome of which are edged with lemon-colour, chiefly the second, and part of the third, towards the fides. The wings are brown, watered, and clouded. This beautiful conops is found in meadows. There are eleven or twelve other fpecies. CONOVIUM, (anc. geog.) a town of the Ordovices, in Britain. From its ruins arofe, at the diftance of four miles, Aberconvey, the mouth of the Conwey, in Caernarvonfhire; and on the fpot where Conovium flood is a hamlet, called Carhean, the old town, (Camden.) CONQUEST, in civil jurifprudence, is the acquifition of property in common by a number of perfons. In fome countries they confound acquifition with conqueft; but, according to the most general acceptation, acquifition is the gaining of unappropriated goods before the establishment of a community: whereas by the term conqueft, is ordinarily intended whatever is acquired by a number of perfons in community; or by fome one for all the others. As it is more especially in the union of perfons by marriage that a community of property takes place; fo it is in reference to them that we frequently ufe the word conqueft. There are nevertheless conquefts alfo among other perfons who are in a tacit community or fociety; fuch as obtain by particular local customs. According to this fenfe of the word, it has been contended by feveral, that William I. claimed this kingdom; that is, not by right of arms, but by right of conquest or acqueft; under promife of fucceffion made by Edward the Confeffor, and a contract entered into by Harold to fupport his pretenfions to that fucceffion and by old writers, conqueftus, acquifitio, and perquifitio, are frequently ufed as fynonymous terms. : CONQUEST, in the law of nations, is the acquifition of fovereignty by force of arms, by fome foreign prince; who reduces the vanquished under his empire. The right of conqueft is derived from the laws of war; and when a people is fubjected, the conduct of the conqueror is regulated by four kinds of law. First, the law of nature, which dictates whatever tends to felf-preservation; secondly, our reafon, which teaches us to use others, as we would be treated ourselves; thirdly, the laws of political fociety, to which nature has not affigned any precife boundary; laftly, the law which is derived from the particular circumftances attending the conqueft. Thus, a ftate conquered by another will be treated in one of the four methods following: Either the conqueror will continue it under its own laws, and will only claim the exercife of civil and ecclefiaftical fovereignty; or he will impofe a new form of government; or he will deftroy the frame of their fociety, and incorporate the inhabitants with others; or he will exterminate them. CONRAD II. elected emperor of Germany in 1004. He was obliged to take the field against moft of the German dukes who had revolted from him; and he put Erneft duke of Suabia under the ban of the em N° 89.. CONRAD III. emperor of Germany in 1138. The duke of Bavaria oppofed his election, and being put under the ban of the empire, and deprived of his duchy, he could not furvive his difgrace. The margrave of Auftria was ordered by the Emperor to take poffeffion of Bavaria; but Welfti, uncle to the deceased Duke, attacked him, and was defeated near the castle of Winfburgh: the battle fought upon this occafion is famous in hiftory, as having given rife to the party names of Guelphs and Gibbelines, afterwards affumed in Italy. The parole of the day with the Bavarians was Welti, from the name of their general; that of the Imperialifts Werblingen, from a fmall village where Frederic Duke of Suabia, their commander, had been nurfed: by degrees thefe names ferved to distinguish the two parties; and the Italians, who could not accuftom themfelves to fuch rough words, formed from them their Guelphs and Gibbelines. He died in 1152. CONRAD of Lichtenau, or Abbas Ufpergenfis, was author of an Universal Chronology from the creation to 1229, continued by an anonymous writer to Cha. V. He collected a fine library, and died about the year 1240. CONRADIN, or CONRAD junior, fon of Conrad IV. was acknowledged Emperor by the Gibbelines, who received him in triumph at Rome: but Pope Alexander IV. had published a crufade against this orphan; and Urban VII. his fucceffor, gave the empire to Charles of Anjou, brother to Louis IX. king of France; and the unfortunate youth, though powerfully fupported even by the Turks, loft a battle, in which he was taken prisoner, and was beheaded, by order of his base opponent, publicly at Naples in 1229, in the 18th year of his age. In him ended the race of the Dukes of Suabia, which had produced several kings and emperors. CONSANGUINITY, or KINDRED, is defined by. the writers on thefe fubjects to be, vinculum perfonarum ab eodem ftipite defcendentium; "the connection or relation of perfons defcended from the fame stock or common ancestor." This confanguinity is either lineal or collateral. Lineal confanguinity is that which fubfifts between perfons of whom one is defcended in a direct line from the other; as between John Stiles (the propofitus in the table of confanguinity) and his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, and fo upwards in the direct afcending line; or between John Stiles and his fon, grand-fon, great-grandfon, and fo downwards in the direct defcending line. Every generation, in this direct lineal confanguinity, conftitutes a different degree, reckoning either upwards or downwards: the father of John Stiles is related to him in the first degree, and fo likewife is his fon; his grandfire and grandfon, in the fecond; his great grandfire and greatgrandfon in the third. This is the only natural way of reckoning |