HEAD-LINE (printing).-The line immediately under the running title on the pages of a book.

HEAD-PAGE (printing).-The beginning of a subject.

HEAD-PIECE (typography).-Ornaments placed at the top of the page, at the beginning of a chapter, in imitation of illuminated manuscripts, now seldom used.

HIERONYM (bibliography).—Sacred name used as a proper

name.

IMPRINT (printing).- French, nom de l'éditeur; German, druckort. Designation of a place where a work is printed; either with or without the printer's name.

INITIAL LETTERS (printing).-French, lettres initiales, lettres d'apparat; German, anfangsbuchstabe. The first letter

of a paragraph.

INITIALISM (bibliography).—Only the initials of the real name, as R. B. (Braithwaite), T. B. (Brewer), S. E. B. (Sir E. Bridges.-O. H.

INK.-Pancirollus says that kind of ink which was used by emperors alone, and forbidden to others, was called encaustum ; from which he derives the Italian inchiostro. From the same source we may derive the French encre and the English ink.B. H. C., in Notes and Queries, 1st Series, Vol. x1, p. 283. INSET (binding). The pages cut off in folding and placed in the middle of the folded sheet.-HANNETT.

IRONYM (bibliography).—Ironical name, as “A Bird at Broomsgrove," i.e., John Crane to Rhymes after Meat, 1800.

ITS OWN PAPER (printing).—When one, two, three, or more copies of a sheet of a work are printed on the paper that the whole is intended to be worked on, it is said to be pulled on its own paper. This is frequently done at the commencement of a work when the first sheet is sent to the author or publisher, that they may see the effect produced before it is proceeded with.-SAVAGE's Dictionary of Printing.

LARGE PAPER COPIES (bibliography).—Books printed on paper of extra size with wide margins. Dr. Dibdin says he

never met with a book printed in England on large paper before 1600, except a unique copy of Scot's Discovery of Witchcraft, 1584.

LEONINE VERSES.-Verses in which the middle and end of each line rhyme together. In the Encyclopædia Metropolitana there are ten different kinds of Leonine Verses enumerated; the name is said to have been derived, either from a monk of the twelfth century, or from one of the popes of the name of Leo. WHEATLEY'S Of Anagrams, p. 15.

LETTERED (binding).-A book filleted on the back and the title lettered.-HANNETT.

LIGATURES (typographia).—See LOGOTYPE.

LINES (binding).—A book is said to be in morocco lines when the only ornament is a plain fillet on the bands and round the sides. HANNETT.

LIPOGRAM (bibliography).—Greek, leipo, to leave, and

gramma,

a letter. A writing in which a single letter is wholly omitted. -BOAG. LITHOGRAPHY (printing).-Greek, lithos, a stone, and grapho, to write. The art of engraving, or of tracing letters, figures, or other designs on stone, and of transferring them to paper by impression. Boag.

LOGOTYPE (typography).—Type cast in words or double letters. Those in general use are ff, fl, fi, ffi, and ffl, because the kernel of the f cannot be placed close to another f, an i, or an l Attempts have been made to cast whole words in common use—such as and, of, in, the, etc.—but printers prefer composing the words themselves, as it avoids a multiplicity of boxes in the case.

LONG PRIMER (typography),

French, Petit Romain; German, Corpus, Garmond, Kleine Teufelsschrift; Italian, Garamone. A type so called from having been used to print primers; used for dictionaries, works in 12mo, and other works, in which much matter is required to be got into a small space.

LYON VERSES.—Akin to, and often confounded with, Palindromic Verses, q. v., but differing from them, as not only the letters, but each entire word is reversed in its position in the sentence, and therefore have not the same meaning backwards and forwards like the Palindrome, but from a new sentence, which is very generally an answer to the original one. The inventor of this style of verse was C. S. S. Appollinaris, a native of Lyons, from whence, probably, the name is

derived. The following (attributed to Politian) is a good example-it applies to Cain and Abel:

ABEL. Sacrum pingue dabo, nec macrum sacrificabo.
CAIN. Sacrificabo macrum nec dabo pingue sacrum.

The following well-known epitaph in Cumwallow church-yard (Cornwall) is an example of English Lyon verse:

Shall we all die? we shall die all;

All die shall we--die all we shall.

WHEATLEY'S Of Anagrams, p. 13.

MACARONIC (bibliography).-Pertaining to or like a macaroni; empty, trifling. Consisting of a mixture or jumble of ill-formed or ill-connected words. A kind of burlesque poetry, in which words of different languages are intermixed, and native words are made to end in Latin terminations, or Latin words are modernized.-BOAG. The earliest author and inventor was Theoph. Folengo, who wrote an epic in Latinized Italian.-WHEATLEY'S Of Anagrams, p. 26. See also De la Litterature Macaronique, (Philobiblion Society Transactions, London, 1856); and Macaroneana, by M. O. Delepierre, (Paris, 1852).

MACKLE (printing).—French, friser; German, dupliren. When part of the impression on a page appears double, owing to the platen dragging on the frisket.

MILL-BOARD (paper).—French, carton de pâte, carton de moulage; German, geformte pappe, pappdeckel, starker pappendeckel. A thick paper used for various purposes-amongst others, covers for books, superseding pasteboard. It came into use about the middle of the seventeenth century, previous to which books came either in paper covers like French books, or whole bound in calf.-Notes and queries, 3d series, Vol. VII, p. 138. See PASTEBOARD.

MINION (typography).—

French, La Mignione; German, Colonell, Mignonschrift; Ital., Mignona. The name of a type principally used for newspapers, Prayer-Books, Bibles, etc. It is half the size of English.

MOROCCO (binding).—French, maroquiner; German, marokiniren. A goatskin, peculiarly dressed, so called from the first having been introduced into Europe from Morocco, but

the best now bearing the name are now manufactured at home. It is the most durable, as well as the most ornamental, of the leathers used for bookbinding; the styles are the same as mentioned under CALF.

W

N

NEWSPAPERS. — Publications in numbers, issued at short and stated intervals, conveying intelligence of passing events. The word is not, as many imagine, derived from the adjective new. In former years (1595-1730) it was the universal practice to put over the periodical publications of the day the initial letters of the four cardinal points of the compass, thus: importing that they contained news from the four quarters of the globe.-HAYDN'S Dictionary of Dates. This appears a very fanciful derivation. NIELLO. A pulverized substance, composed of silver, copper, lead, sulphur, and borax; used by the early engravers to fill the lines so as to make the design visible on silver or copper plates.

NOM-DE-PLUME (bibliography).—The assumed name under which any one writes.

NONPAREIL (typography).—

French, Nonpareille; German, Nonpareille; Dutch, Nonpareil; Italian, Nonpariglia. A type in body exactly half the size of Pica; used for the same purposes as Minion,

NUMERALS.-See Miscellaneous, Art. NUMERATION.

OBELISK, OR LONG CROSS (printing), erroneously called the single dagger.-French, croix; German, kreuz. A reference mark thus (†), to draw attention to a foot-note, or to one in the margin, and in Roman Catholic Prayer-Books for bulls, briefs, etc.; for want of the square cross it is sometimes used inverted .

OCTAVO (printing).—Contraction, oct., 8vo. French, in octavo, in 8°; German, octav. The size of a book printed on paper of any dimensions folded into eight leaves, making sixteen pages. The signatures are B, B2, B3, on pages 1, 3, 5. The wire mark is horizontal, and the paper mark at the very top often considerably cropped by the binder. Notes and Queries, January 27, 1866. The usual sizes are: imperial 8vo, royal 8vo, demy 8vo, crown 8vo, post 8vo, foolscap 8vo.

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