Since (O.E. sith-than; E.E. sith-then, sith-the M.E. sithenes, sith, sin, sins), from sith late; O.E. sithor later; cp. since when.

O.E. sith-than = later than, after that.

(5) VERBAL PREPOSITIONS.

These are new forms that have arisen out of the participial (dative) construction: owing to, notwithstanding, out-taken, (replaced by except).

We have numerous participial forms of Romanic origin, as, according to, concerning, during, except, respecting, saving, touching.

Save

M.E. sauf, except. See Chaucer, Knightes Tale, 1. 2182.

Sans (Fr.) = sine (Lat.) has gone out of use. It was occasionally employed by Shakespeare.

CHAPTER XIII.

Conjunctions.

232. Prepositions join words, one of which is subordinate to the other. Conjunctions join sentences, and co-ordinate terms. Conjunctions are of comparatively late growth, and have sprung from other parts of speech, especially from pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions.

(1) Pronominal.-Yet (O.E. gy-t), if (O.E. gif, M.E. yi-f, ef, if), yea (O.E. gea), an-d.

With and is connected the archaic conjunction an = if.

And is very often written for an by older writers.

"And you love me, let's do't; I am dog at a catch."
Twelfth Night, ii. 3.

"I pray thee, Launce, and if thou seest my boy,
Bid him make haste."

Two Gentlemen of Verona, iii. I. We occasionally find but and if = but if; M.E. but-if

unless.

We have lost the O.E. ge-ge, both—and; ac, but; ne— ne, neither-nor; swa-swa, as well-as; oththe-oththe, either-or; sam-sam; the-the, whether-or; the or thy, and for-thy; for-tham (than)-the, be-tham-the = that, by that that, because; nu-nu = now—now.

for that

For-why is scarce now. It occurs in the Psalms (Prayer Book).

Either-or; neither-nor; or-or, nor-nor, have the same origin as the indefinite pronouns, either and neither. See § 168, p. 127.

Or is a corruption of either (O.E. âwther, &ther) and nor of neither (O.E. náther). In M.E. we find other—other = either -or; nother-nother = neither-nor.

"Put not thy fyngerys in thy dysche,

Nothyr in flesche nothir in fysche."

"As trewe as steel either stoon."

Babees Book, p. 18.

Ib. p. 40.

See Luke vi. 42.

El-se, the genitive of el (= other), is often supplied by otherwise.

So gives rise to also, as, and whereas; the is the root of though, (O.E. theâ-h) although, then, than, that, &c.

The stem of who occurs in what-and (M.E. what--what both ... and), whether, whence, &c.

(2) Adverbial (from nouns).—Likewise, (= in likewise), sometimes, at times, whilst, otherwhiles, besides, because, on the contrary, in order that, &c.

To the end that (Ex. viii. 22) = O.E. tô tham that to that that.

In O.E. hwil-um-hwîl-um; hwile-hwile sometimes.

= sometimes

"One while (the moon) bended pointwise into tips of horns; another whiles divided just in the half, and anon again in a compasse round, spotted sometime and darke, and soon after on a sudden exceeding bright; one while big and full, and another while, all at once, nothing to be seene."-HOLLAND, Pliny, p. 6.

(3) Adverbial (from adjectives).-Both-and, even, only, now-anon, furthermore, for as much as, evermore, lastly, firstly, finally, &c. Lest O.E. thỹ læs the, læs the; M.E. leste; natheles = O.E. nâ thy læs = nevertheless; unless E.E. onlesse.

Not only-but also = O.E. nalas that ân that-ac eâc swa; as soon as = sôna swa-swa. In M.E. we find na the mo= never the more.

(4) Prepositional, many of which have come in along with the demonstrative that.-Ere, after, before, but, for, since, in that, with that, till (= to), until (= unto).

until; E.E. a thet; M.E. for-to, for-te, = until. Sometimes the while til, and while

In O.E. ôth that = fort (that), to that

itself, do duty for until.

For to has sometimes the sense of in order to (see Gen. xxxi. 18; Ex. xvi. 27).

(5) Verbal.-Say, suppose, to talk of, considering, provided, were it not, how be it, &c.

CHAPTER XIV.

Interjections.

233. Interjections have no grammatical relation to other words in a sentence and are not strictly speaking 'parts of speech.' They are either mere exclamations or cries, as, O! ah! eigh! fy! or else elliptical expressions, as good bye god b' w' ye God be with you.

Zounds God's wounds; marry the Virgin Mary; grammercy great thanks.

:

Alas, alack, Fr. hêlas, from las (sad), Lat. lassus. 234. Some words (adverbs, verbs), are used as interjections how, well, out, hence, begone, look, behold. Cp. hail all hail = O.E. wes thu hâl = hale be thou; O.E. wes hâl has become wassail. See The Blickling Homilies, ed. Morris, pp. 3, 5.

A few primitive interjections have come down to us from the oldest English; ha, eh (O. E. ea), lo, la, (O.E. la), heigh (hig), wo! (O.E. wa), well-a-way, well-a-day (O.E. wâ-lâ-wâ= woe-lo-woe, what (O.E. hwat).