new things, (from O.E. fangan, to take), tick-le (unsteady), forget-ful M.E. for-get-el (O.E. for-git-ol). -en, made of. It originally signified of or belonging to: as, flax-en, gold-en, wood-en, &c. There was once a very large number of adjectives in -en; as, ashen, oaken, glassen, &c. The extensive use that could be once made of this suffix may be seen from the following passage : "God him selue thaim led thair way, To wise and kepe bath night and day, With firen piler apon the night."-Cursor Mundi, G. 11. Clouden piler = -en (participial): bound-en, molt-en, &c. [6195-6. -r, -er (O.E. -or, -er, -r): bitt-er from bite, slipper-y; cp. M.E. slid-er (slippery), lith-er (bad), waker (watchful), flicker flik-er (= fickle, flickering). -er and -n are combined in east-er-n, north-er-n, south-er-n, west-er-n. -t: brigh-t, left, ligh-t, righ-t, swif-t. See -t, p. 207. th: fifth, six-th, seven-th. -y (O.E. -ig): an-y, blood-y, clay-ey, craft-y, dirt-y, &c., sill-y (O.E. sæl-ig). -ow arises out of an older -u:-call-ow, fall-ow, narr-ow, yell-ow. 238. II. Suffixes from Predicative Roots. (1) NOUNS. -craft (O.E. craft): priest-craft, witch-craft, wood-craft. -kind (O.E. cyn) = kin: man-kin-d, woman kin-d. P In E. E. and M. E. we find fowl-kin, worm-kin, &c. In M.E. kin, instead of being used after the noun, was put between the numeral and noun; hence it is mostly found in the genitive case. "Monies cunnes ufel." In M.E. we find alskyns, noskyns, no skynnes, nakin, whatkin. These (Northern) forms are perhaps due to Scandinavian influence. Cp. Dan. alskins, "of every sort." The phrase no kin became also no kind of, and no manner, no manner of, &c. Cp. the following from the Cursor Mundi : "Of nankines worm þat euer is made.”—G. 1. 1961. -dom doom (O.E. dôm, Ger. thum): thral-dom, wis-dom, cristen-dom, hali-dom (and halidame = O.E. hâlig-dom; E.E. halidom, sanctuary, relic); kingdom (from O.E. cyne, royal). In E.E. kine is a very common prefix, kine-zerde = royal-rod, sceptre, kine-helm = crown, kine-riche realm, kine-setle = royal settle, throne. = -fare (O.E. faru, way; faran, to go), way, course. thorough-fare, wel-fare, chaf-fer (= chap-fare from cheap). -head, -hood (O.E. hâd, state, rank, person; M.E. -hed, -hod; Ger. -heit). God-head, man-hood (M.E. man-hede, man-hode); live-li-hood once signified liveliness; but it now represents the O.E. lif-lade; E.E. lif-lode; M.E. live-lode (life-leading), sustenance. -herd (O.E. hyrde, pastor, keeper, herdsman): shep-herd, swine-herd. Cp. goose-herd (Holinshed), hog-herd (Harrison). -lock, ledge (O.E. lâc, gift, sport), wed-lock, know-ledge (M. E. know-leche, know-lache, knowlage). O.E. bryd-lac = marriage, reaf-lac, bereaving, spoil. The Icelandic -leikr (= O.E. -lac) is very common under the forms -leic or -laik in E.E., and M. E.; god-leic = goodness, hende-leik, hende-laik = politeness, from hende (= O.E. gehende, at hand, ready, polite). -man often does duty for the O.E. -ere. Cp. ship-man, chap-man, dust-man, bell-man, workman (O.E. wyrht-a). = M.E. fishere fish-er-man. Cp. speaker and spoke-s-man (= M.E. speke-man). The s is an intruder in craft-s-man, hunt-s-man, herd-s-man. Wife sometimes takes the place of -ster. Cp. brew-wif (in Piers Plowman) for brewestere; fish-wife = fish-woman; mid-wife; huzzy house-wife; goody = goodwife. = -lock, -lick (O.E. -leac, -lic, plant): gar-lick (spear plant): hem-lock, bar-ley (O.E. ber-lic, from bere barley). -red (O.E. rêden mode, fashion, condition; Ger. -rath): hat-red, kin-d-red. -rick (O.E. rice, power, dominion): bishop-rick. Cp. M.E. hevene-riche, king-riche (= E.E. kine-riche), realm. -ship, -skip, -scape (O.E. scipe, Icel. -skapr form, shape): friend-ship, lord-ship, wor-ship (= worth-ship); land-scape (land-skip) is a modern formation. Fairfax, in his Bulk and Selvage of the World, coins steamscope for atmosphere. -stead (O.E. stede, place, stead; from stand), bedstead; sun-stead sol-stice. -tree (O.E. treow, tree, wood), axle-tree; M.E. dore-tre (door-post), rode-tre (rood-tree, cross). -wright (O.E. wyrhta, E.E. wrihte, a workman: from work cp. wrought), ship-wright, wheel-wright. In E.E. we find psalm-wurhte, psalm-wrihte = psalm-wright, or the O.E. psalm-scop = psalm-shaper, psalmist. Becon uses bsalm-o-graph for psalmist ! -ward (O.E. weard, warder, keeper), ape-ward, bear-ward, hay-ward. (2) ADJECTIVES. -fast (O.E. fast, firm, fast): sted-fast, shamefaced (shame-fast, modest): root-fast. -fold (O.E. -feald): two-fold, mani-fold. -ful (O.E. -ful): aw-ful, bale-ful, hate-ful, needful. -less (O.E. -leas loose): fear-less, godless. -ly, -like (O.E. -lic; lic, Ger. leich, body): god-ly, like-ly, man-ly, dove-like, war-like. See § 225, p. 190. "Tis as manlike to bear extremities as godlike to forgive.". FORD. -right (O.E. -riht): up-right, down-right. In M.E. upright = supine; downright = perpendicular. -some (O.E. -sum, Ger. -sam) is another form of same: dark-some, hard-some, irk-some: buxom =bugh-som = bending-some, pliant, obedient, from bow (O.E. bugan to bend): lissom = lithe-some. -teen, ty = ten. See numerals § 118, p. 98. -ward (O.E. -weard, becoming, leading to. Cp. O.E. weorth-an, to become, Lat. versus, from vertere, to turn): back-ward, for-ward, fro-ward, to-ward, unto-ward. tell -wise (O.E. wis, way, mode): right-eous (O.E. riht-wis right-wise. Cp. M. E. tale-wise tale, tale-bearing. "For Godd es ever on right-wis side, Werrand [warring] again wrang-wis pride." C. Mundi, G. 11. 7547, 7548. -worth (O.E. -weorth, E.E. -wurthe): stal-worth, dear-worth (precious). In E.E. we find luue-wurthe (love-worthy), kine-wurthe (royal). 239. IV. Adverbial Suffixes. The demonstrative suffixes -s, -m, -nce, have already been treated of under adverbs, §§ 224, 226, pp. 187, 188, 191. The following are of predicative origin : : -ly (O.E. lice): bad-ly, on-ly, lone-ly (= al-onely), utter-ly, willing-ly. See -ly, p. 212. -ling, -long (O.E. -lunga, -linga): head-long, flatling, dark-ling, side-ling, side-long. In M.E. we find the genitive form -lynges (linges) in groflynges groveling (prone), hedlinges = headlong. "I'll run headlongs by and by." WEBSTER, Northward Ho. "Hurlet (hurl'd) hym doun hedlynges." The Gest Hystoriale, 1. 7485. Nose-linges, naselynge, noslyngy's (supine, with the nose up. ward), handlinges (hard to hand). |