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(No. 1.)

Extracts from Charters, Statutes, Bye-laws, Chronicles, and other records especially referred to in the foregoing Essay, as exhibiting the powers and privileges assigned to various authorities, for directing, controlling, and transmitting the different departments of Medicine and Pharmacy in

Date.

No.

PHYSIC
assigned

ENGLAND.

SURGERY
assigned

12th and By Romish Synods and Coun- By Romish Synods and Coun

See 13th cen- cils,

turies. To PRIESTS AND MONKS.

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cils

To BARBERS AND SMITHS.

PHARMACY transmitted from

Speciarii and Epiciers

To GILDA DE PIPARIORUM,

To FRATERNITY OF PEPPERERS.
By 19 Edw. III,

To GROCERS' COMPANY.

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25 1656

Protest against Popish prac

tices in College of Phy-
sicians.

14 & 15 Hen. VIII, c. 5.
32 Hen. VIII, c. 40.

By 32 Hen. VIII, c. 42,
To BARBER-SURGEONS' COM-

PANY.

By 34 & 35 Hen. VIII, c. 8,
To "as well men as WOMEN."

By Lumleian Lectures (Holinshed's Chronicles). SURGERY
re-established in COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS.

Ch. 5 Car. I.

Representatives of UNITY and Champions of SURGERY
from 11th to 17th century-Constantine to Harvey.

26 Abt. 1700 By the Bye-law "Antequam quispiam," &c., SURGERY
excluded from COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS.

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By 4 Jac. I,

TOGROCER-APOTHECARIES 'COMPANY
By 13 Jac. I,

To SOCIETY OF PHARMACOPOLITES,
or Apothecaries.

By 55 Geo. III, c. 194,

To SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES, and To CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS without Education or Examination.

By Ch. 6 Vict., confirmed 15 & 16 Vict.,
c. 56,

To PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY.
By 21 & 22 Vict., c. 90,

To CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS with-
out Education or Examination.

(No. 2.)

Charters, Statutes, &c., referred to as exhibiting the powers and privileges assigned to various authorities for directing, controlling, and transmitting the different departments of Medicine and Pharmacy in

Date

PHYSIC transmitted

IRELAND.

SURGERY transmitted

PHARMACY
transmitted

From PRIESTS & MONKS. From BARBERS & SMITHS. From SPECIARII AND

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1687

1667 By Ch. Car. II.

To COLL. OF PHYSICIANS. 1692 By Ch. 3 William & Mary To KING'S AND QUEEN'S

COLL. OF PHYSICIANS
in Ireland.

By Charter 3 Jac. II. By Charter 3 Jac II.
To BARBER-CHIRURGEONS, APOTHECARYES, AND
PERIWIG-MAKERS of the Guild or Fraternity of
St. Mary Magdalene.

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1858 By 21 and 22 Vict., c. 90, By 21 and 22 Vict., c. 90, By 21 and 22 Vict., c. 90. To MEDICAL COUNCIL. To MEDICAL COUNCIL.

?

See History of Pharmacy in Ireland,' by W. D. Moore, M.B. 1848.

Dublin,

Also Warburton, History of Ireland.'

London, 1818.

(No. 3.)

Charters, Statutes, &c., referred to as exhibiting the powers and privileges assigned to various authorities for directing, controlling, and transmitting the different departments of Medicine and Pharmacy in

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From PRIESTS AND MONKS From BARBERS & SMITHS. From SPECIARII AND EPI

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By Charter 18 Geo. III. By Charter 18 Geo. III.
To ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS of Edinburgh.
To Chemists & Druggists.
By 21 and 22 Vict. c. 90,
?

1858 By 21 and 22 Vict. c. 90, By 21 and 22 Vict. c. 90, To MEDICAL COUNCIL. To MEDICAL COUNCIL.

See Letters on the Charters of the Scotch Universities and Medical Corporations,' by J. A. Lawrie, M.D. Glasgow, 1856. Maitland's 'History of Edinburgh.' Edin., 1753. Arnott's History of Edinburgh.' Edin., 1779.

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"The Pepperers are first mentioned as a fraternity amongst the amerced gilds of Henry II, but probably existed as a gild long before. The Gelda de Pipariorum paid on this occasion sixteen marks, &c. In connection with this fraternity was an office analogous to that of the jurés of Salernum, which may be traced back in this kingdom to times almost coeval with these appointments, and the history of its descent from that period to the Censors of the College of Physicians may be clearly followed. Thus Cowel says, "The garbellor of spices is an officer of great antiquity in the City of London, who is empowered to enter any shop or warehouse, to view and search drugs, &c., and to garble and cleanse them." "This garbelling was

originally confined to pepper and other spices, and was deemed necessary to prevent their being adulterated, for which purpose a chief garbeller was appointed and sworn to execute his office faithfully and impartially."

66

The trade in spices, &c., originally carried on by the pepperers of Sopar's lane and spicerers of the ward of Cheap" passed in the year 1345 to the hands of the Grocers' Company, who, having extended their trade to drugs, confectionery, grocery (commonly so called), tobacco, &c. &c., attained the name of "Grossiers". engrossers of all sorts of wares "-and hence Grocers.

66

"In 1450 the grocers obtained the important privilege of sharing the office of garbeller of spices with the city."

"The fraternity appear to have obtained this latter privilege in consequence of a petition presented by

them to the Corporation of London, conjointly with Angelo Ciba, Reginald Grillo, Tobias Lomellino, Branca Doria, and other Genoese, Florentine, Lucca, and Lombardy merchants, complaining of the unjust mode of garbelling "spices and other sotill wares." Towards the end of the following century "the rare tract on this subject, entitled 'A Profitable and Necessarie Discourse for the Meeting with the bad Garbelling of Spices used in these Daies,' &c. (4to Lond., 1591), affords many curious hints relative to the above part of the Grocers' profession at that time.

"It is addressed from Grocers' Hall, London, to Sir William Webb (then Mayor) and his brethren the aldermen, and complains that the representation of 'sundrye of the retayling grocers of London, to the cheefe officers, the gardians, and to the first menne of that society (the Grocers) against the fact of bad garbelling of spices, betweene them and the merchantes' had in lieu of reformation taught manye indigneties and wrought som indignation, towards the complainants;' and it makes this appeal in consequence, to a controlling power, threatening if it should there fail, to follow the advice of the poet Musœus:

"It is good sometime to sound in open street
The wicked works which men do think to hide;'

"Or meaning, as the petitioners explain, 'that by publishing some small pamphlet touching the same, suche good may ensue either the workmanne to grow betterr or the buier to be more wise in the office of garbelling."

Shortly after this period, we find the Grocers' Company then united with the Apothecaries exercising their penal powers. "On the 7th of February, 1616, Michael Eason, having been convicted before the Court, he being an

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