CONTENTS.

CORRUPTIONS AND DIVISIONS OF MEDICINE.

THEIR CAUSES.

INTRODUCTION.—Propositions affirmed-

PROPOSITION 1st.–The connection of surgery with the Physician's

office in ancient, mediæval and modern times . - Page 4.

THE ANCIENT PHYSICIAN.--No restrictions amongst the Jews,

Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks or Romans-Hippocrates—His stan-

dard of qualification, intellectual and moral (p. 7)—Celsus—The triple

armour-Its use and its application refused to none-Highest

honours attached to him whose "skill was most extensive”Scri-

bonius Largus, Galen, Oribasius, Aëtius, Paulus Ægineta, testify to

the Unity of Medicine

. Pages 5–19.

THE MEDIÆVAL PHYSICIAN.—The erection of PAPAL power-

Reason and Experience banished—Ignorance and Superstition re-

established-Schools of Medicine-ARABIC Schools, from Ahrun to

Albucasis (p. *21)—Nestorians and Jews their chief professors,

REVIVAL or Arabist schools, from Constantin to Harvey-Repre-

sentatives of Unity and Champions of Surgery-Laws of Roger

and Frederick II-ROYAL opposed to PAPAL authority (p. 26)—Unity

of Medicine preserved-Schools of PRIESTS AND MONKS (p. 29)

-- FIRST GREAT CORRUPTION OF MEDICINE, or that of the Priest-

physician-Miraculous cures, &c., effected within their monasteries

and convents-Operations of St. Benedict recorded by Pope Victor

III-Sainted Specialists.-Contest of Light and Truth with Darkness

and Superstition-Laws of Roger and Frederick II frustrated by
Romish Councils-FIRST COMPULSORY DIVISION of Medicine-
Assignment of Chirurgics to Barbers-SECOND GREAT CORRUPTION
OF MEDICINE, or that of the Barber-surgeon (p. 37)—Priests assert
their Divine commission to “heal 'the sick”—How they obeyed it
--Their miraculous powers tested–Their degradation of Medicine no

more sanctioned by Divine than human authority-Papal Supre-

macy-Its only foundation . .

Pages 19—41.

THE MODERN Physician in England and Wales-Statutes of

Salernum—The foundation of Modern Laws—Commencement of

Legislation-Approach to Unity-First Examining bodies for Phy-

sicians and Surgeons-Privy Council-Bishops (p. 44)—ROYAL

College of Physicians-Surgery sanctioned, Unity enjoined by

Charter and Confirmatory Acts of Parliament (p. 48)-Charter and

Statutes frustrated-Surgery re-assigned to Barbers and Women

(p. 53)—Protest against POPISH practices in the College of Physi-

cians (1575)—Surgery re-established in College by Dr. Cald-

well and Lord Lumley (1582)— Forster, Harvey, and others, Pro-

fessors of Surgery (p. 59)— Harvey in St. Bartholomew's Hospital

(p. 62)—Bone-setters-Curers of Scald heads-Stone-cutters-Date

of their exclusion-Percivall Pott, founder of Modern School of

Anatomy and Surgery–Hogarth’s “ Good Samaritan” and “Great

Physician”-Abernethy's reunion of Dietetics and Pharmaceutics

with Chirurgics (p. 63)— Lumleian Lecturer-Second and final ex-

pulsion of Surgery from College of Physicians-Its emancipation

from Barbery (1745)—IRELAND and SCOTLAND—Similar origin and

history of Corruptions and Divisions-Transfer from Priests and

Barbers to Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons-Recapitula-

tion.

· Pages 41-67

PROPOSITION 2nd.—The trading of the Apothecary distinct from

the Physician's office in ancient, mediæval and modern times.

Page 67.

THE ANCIENT APOTHECARY.—The name of Apothecary- Its
derivation-Origin of his Vocation-Aristotle and Theophrastus
-Zoology and Botany-Pliny and Dioscorides—Materia Medica
(p. 69)—Various designations in ancient authors-Pharmacopoles

and Ropopoles of Galen-Pimentarius–Migmatopolai and Pan.

topolai–Pharmacopeus and Pharmacotriba, &c.—Their limited

duties—"Simples” and Compound Medicines-Mithridate and Theri-

aca-Definition of Quacks and Impostors, applicable to all countries

and all ages.

Pages 67—71.

THE MEDIEVAL APOTHECARY–His several schools—Those of
Priests and Monks—Their trading in scientific formulæ-Arabic
Schools Their improvements in Pharmacy and Chemistry-Geber
- Sabor-Ebn-Sahel and others-Revival Schools (p. 74)—Salernum,

Early enlightenment–The triple armour reviewed—Reason and

Experience again supplanting Bigotry and Superstition, as in times

of Herophilus and Erasistratus-Statutes relating to Apothecaries-

Confectionarii-Speciarii-Epiciers-Early introduction of Italian

and French apothecaries to England . . Pages 71–78.

THE MODERN APOTHECARY in England and Wales-Pepperers
and Spicerers—Grocers' Company-Grocer-Apothecaries-Apothe.
caries' Society-(p. 80)—“Pharmacopolites,” First London Pharma-
copæia, 1618-Distinctive duties and exclusive privileges of Physi-
cians and Apothecaries--Opportunities lost–Testimony of the

late Dr. Barlow-Dr. Farr-Restrictions in number and functions

of Physicians—Inevitable result (p. 84)-Parallel between the division

of Priests and Barbers, Physicians and Apothecaries (p. 86)—Similar

consequences—The rise and progress of Apothecaries—Their contest

with the College of Physicians (p. 90)-Schism in the College-

Dr. Radcliffe, Mr. Dandridge, and their party-Dr. Garth, College

Dispensaries, and their party (p. 94)—Success of the former-

Introduction of Apothecaries in subordination to Physicians-Poly-

pharmacy encouraged-Chemists and Druggists succeed to the office

vacated by Apothecaries (p. 96). THIRD GREAT CORRUPTION of

Medicine, or that of the Apothecary-physician- Peculiar to England

and Wales-Established by Law, 1815--Testimony of Foreign States

(p. 99)—IRELAND and SCOTLAND—Their analogous corruption of

Medicine-Its origin, and course in an inverse direction-Surgeons

and Apothecaries allied by Law–Ireland, 1687—Scotland, 1657—

Former alliance annulled, 1745— Latter increasingly ignored (p. 107)

-Humiliating contrast-Circle of Corruptions completed.

Pages 78–113.

CORRUPTIONS AND DIVISIONS OF MEDICINE.

THEIR EFFECTS.

Exaggeration of special means of cure by each successive invader
of the Physician's Office-Consequent Divisions-Evil effects entailed
on the Public and the Profession-Licensing bodies, their origin and
effects-Powers and privileges limited and exclusive-Papal defini-
tions of purity, Standard of Royal Colleges (p. 118)—Medical Schools

-Alternative presented to Medical Students-Its effects-Hospitals,

their insufficient staff of Medical Officers (p. 122). The evil effects

hence arising to the poor, the public, and the profession-General

duties of bodies corporate-Corruptions renounced, Divisions per-

petuated by Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons-Encourage-

ment to Modern Specialists—Third Corruption and Division legalised

in 1815--Powers usurped, Privileges abrogated by Society of

Apothecaries (p. 125)—Good and evil effects hence arising-Unity

rejected, Divisions multiplied by College of Physicians—Statistics

of the Medical Profession in the great nations of the earth (p. 130)—

Ratio of Apothecaries to Physicians compared with England—Illicit

practice of Chemists and Druggists—Compulsory Divisions--Their

evil effects—Transition from past errors—Sir Kenelm Digby and his

sympathetic powder (p. 140)—Homeopathists and their globules-

Neglect of “ Dietetics ” cause of chief quackeries in the present day-

Hydropathists, Kinesipathists, and others-Ancient Physician, and

Modern Physician in foreign States, compared with Medical Profes-

sion in England and Wales—Effects of College Restrictions foreseen

_"Overstocked with Apothecaries” (p. 150)— Free trade in Poisons-

Murder and Suicides—Practice of Drugging Infants in Mining and
Manufacturing Districts (p. 152)—Ignorance of Women, Illegitimacy,
and Mortality of Infants co-existing–Comparison with other
Divisions—Increased Importation of Opium for Home Consumption
-Ratio of Suicides by Poison in various States (p. 163) – Vice of
Opium-eating in England and Wales—The suicide's more gradual
mode of destruction- Mode of Remuneration in England and Wales

-Varieties and modifications of former corrupt practices-Pure
Physician and Pure Surgeon-Their mode, evasions and subterfuges
necessary for its support-Origin not more pure than its effects
(p. 168)—General Practitioner–His Varieties and Modifications-
Estimation in foreign States-IRELAND AND SCOTLAND--Evil effects
proportioned to Corruptions and Divisions existing-Royal Col.
leges, as in England and Wales, subservient to PAPAL decrees.
Third Corruption-Its distinctive character (p. 173)— Contrast in its
Effects, as in its origin and course-Ratio of Apothecaries to Physi.
cians-IRELAND contrasted with England-SCOTLAND with Ireland
and England (p. 176)—Pharmacy, how provided for in the United
Kingdom-Hospitals and Medical Schools—Invasion from without,
proportioned to corruption and division within the Profession-Quack
establishments-Amount paid for Medicine Stamps in each portion
of the United Kingdom-Murder and suicide by Poisons---Com-
parative frequency-Conclusion

Pages 115–180.

CORRUPTIONS AND DIVISIONS OF MEDICINE.

THEIR REMEDY.

Precedents drawn from past experience-Corruptions renounced
in 1518 and 1745—Divisions (as well as corruptions) of Priest and
Barber effaced in Foreign States (p. 183)-Russia-Prussia-German
States generally-America-Denmark-Norway-France-Protest
of Ireland and Scotland (p. 188)—Reunion of Medicine and Surgery
and separation from Pharmacy – The only remedy for present
corruptions and divisions (p. 191)-Prospects more hopeful in
Ireland and Scotland than in England and Wales-Review of the
powers transferred from the CHURCH to the Universities—Thence to
corporate bodies-Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons in
each division of the Kingdom (p. 192).- Various contending factions
thence arising-Powers and privileges contrasted (p. 193)—PAPAL
and ROYAL-Proposed coalition of Medical Corporations—Royal
College of Medicine of Great Britain and Ireland Education and
examinations to be eminently practical and progressive_Unity,
purity, and fulness, the sine quá non of every qualified Physician-