Bengal and recovered the Bramha or the holy object deposited in the image and brought it back to Orissa. Ramachandra Deva of Khurda put the holy object in a new image and re-inaugurated the regular worship of Jagannatha. Sulaiman Kararāni died towards the end of 1572 A D. and in the following year Akbar sent an expedition to conquer Bihar, Bengal and Orissa under Munim Khan with Raja Todar Mal as second in command. Daud, son of Sulaiman Kararānī, ultimately took refuge in Orissa. He was defeated by the imperialists at Tukarai (Mughalmari) in the Balasore district on the 3rd March, 1575. Raja Todar Mal pursued Daud up to Bhadrak and was then recalled by Munim Khan who concluded a treaty with the Pathan chief. In manuscript B it is said that Tcdar Mal went to Puri and at the request of the Brahmans, nobles and monks, conferred on Ramachandra Deva the kingdom of Orissa. But this is not credible, for Abul Fazl makes no reference to it. When Todar Mal was in Orissa, Cuttack was held by Daud. The struggle between the Pathans and the imperialists in Orissa that went on from 1575 to 1592 A.D. till Raja Man Singh finally conquered the province, gave Ramachandra Deva time to consolidate his kingdom. The story of the subjugation of Raja Ramachandra Deva by Raja Man Singh is thus narrated in the Puri annals

"In the 12th Anka (10th year) of Ramachandra Deva a son of Telinga Mukunda Deva complained to the Padsha of Delhi The Padsha sent Raja Man Singh to Orissa saying, 'He who is the leader (ratka) of Orissa should be made the Raja (of Orissa).' Raja Man Singh came to Puri accompanied by the son of Mukunda Deva. Ramachandra Deva met him. When the Chandana yatra was celebrated, the priests asked Man Singh, Whom should we give the gadi prasāda, "share of offerings to the God due to the occupant of the gadi or throne". Man Singh had then by him both Ramachandra Deva and the son of Mukunda Deva. He looked at both and said to the priests, 'Bring the gadi prasāda.' The priests brought the gadi prasāda accordingly. In the

presence of the goddess Bimala Raja Man Singh offered the gadiprasāda to Ramachandra Deva, and made him Raja of Orissa. He conferred Ali on the son of Mukunda Deva. Thus was the kingdom divided."

Abul Fazl's account of the subjugation of southern Orissa by Raja Man Singh is quite different. The Raja first invaded Orissa in 1590 A.D. Qutlu, who was then the head of the Afghans and was in possession of Orissa, advanced to meet the imperial army but died before any decisive engagement could take place. Khwaja 'Isa, the guardian of Nasir, the young son of Qutlu, sought for peace. An agreement was made, one among the conditions being "that Jagannath, which is a famous temple, and its environs should be made crown land."" As long as Khwaja ‘Īsā was alive, the conditions of the treaty were fulfilled. "When he died (in 1592 A.D.), the wicked Afghans laid hold of the temple of the worship of Jagannath, and opened the hand of plunder against the country of Hamir, who had for long time been obedient (to Akbar)." Raja Man Singh again invaded Orissa in 1592 and defeated the Pathans at Malnapur (?). Jellasore was occupied on the following day. When the victorious Raja reached Bhadrak, it was reported to him that the Pathans bad assembled in the fort of Cuttack. Raja Ramachandra Deva of Khurda, who then held Sarangarb, was friendly to the Pathans. The fort of Al was surrendered to the imperialists by a Pathan chief. "Near Kalkalghati, the Tila Raja, who is a distinguished landowner in the part, joined the victorious army." This Tila Raja is probably the son of Telinga Mukunda Deva who, according to the Puri annals, complained to the Padsha of I elhi, and on whom Raja Man Singh conferred the fort of Al. As Al had just been surrendered to Man Singh by the Pathans, it is very probable that the Tila Raja (Telinga Raja) received it as a reward for his loyalty. Man Singh now began his campaign

1 Beveridge, Akbarnama, Vol. III, p. 880.

* Ibid., p. 934.

against the newly established principality of Khurda. Abul Fazl writes:—

From Cuttack Raja Man Singh "went off to pay his devotions at Jagannath. His idea was that he would come near to Rajah Ram Cand, and that when an opportunity occurred he could lay hold of him (?). When his thought (i.e. devotions at Jagannath) had been realized, he returned and took up his quarters near Sali (?). Every day active men went forth and inflicted chastisement. In consequence of counsels he (Rajah Ram Cand) became obedient, and sent his son Birbal with presents. The Rajah returned to Cuttack and established the foot of conquest near the fort of Sarangarh."

*

"Rajah Man Singh summoned him (Rajah Ramcand) and he objected. The Rajah from inappreciativeness consigned his goodnesses to oblivion and sent Jagat Singh, Mir Sharif Sarmadi, Mir Qāsim Badakhshi, Barkhūrdār, Abu-l-baqā, Mahmud Beg Slamlu, Sihabu-d-din Diwana and others to wage war on him. A commotion arose. Ram Cand entered the fort of Khurdah which was the strongest of his fortresses. The imperialists took up their quarters close by, and proceeded to attack the country. The forts Sahajpal (?), Khāragarh, Kālūpāra, Kahnan Longarh, Bhūnmal, and many populated places fell into possession. On hearing of this, H.M.-who appreciated dignities-became angry, and issued censures. The Rajah recalled his troops, and apologised. Ram Cand, on seeing the graciousness of H.M., took the thought of paying his respects. On 21 Bahman he visited the Rajah (Man Singh), and was treated with much respect.'

From this account it is evident that it was not Raja Man Singh who conferred the principality on Ramachandra Deva, as the compilers of the Puri annals state. Ramachandra Deva was already in possession of a principality which extended as far as

1 Ibid., p. 941.

. Ibid., pp. 967-968,

Sarangarh on the Mahanadi about 5 miles south-west of Cuttack. Man Singh wanted to snatch it away from him probably with a view to make it over to the Tila Raja, but was prevented from doing so by Akbar. Not only had Man Singh to leave Ramachandra Deva in possession of the Khurda state, but he also gave the latter the fort of Manpur between Orissa and Telingana.1 Bhavani Charan has recorded that in the second aǹka or the first year of the reign of Ramachandra Deva of Khurda the Raja ordered Vaṭesvar Mahanti to compile the annals. This statement appears to be substantially true. The anna's were probably compiled for the first time in the beginning of the reign of Ramachandra Deva, and we have therefore accurate account of the events that happened before his accession. But the history of the reign of Ramachandra Deva must have been compiled long after and by persons who could not even definitely ascertain the father's name of that king. We have therefore rather a distorted version of the history of Ramachandra Deva in the Puri annals.

1 Ibid., p. 969.

III.-Notes on Indian Architecture

By Manomohan Ganguly, Vidyaratna, B.E.

Rajagriha, or rather the whole area from Giriyek to Rajgir, continued to be an important place of pilgrimage down to the time of the Pāla kings of Bengal. We find here the remains of elaborately carved pillars of the Gupta period with an octagonal shaft and a square base containing semi-circular panels showing the figure of Kirttimukha over rectangular ones in which are depicted scenes from the Mahabharata or the Purāņas, and if a generous donor like Sir Ratan Tata of Bombay provides funds for undertaking the excavations of this area, sufficient data may be gathered for an architectural history at least of the later period.

The forts of Warangal and Vijaynagar connected with each other by an architectural relation though so far apart are worth a study which is sure to throw a flood of light on the architectural history of Southern India from the tenth to the sixteenth centuries. While travelling in the massive fort of Warangal I was struck with the mass of ruins scattered here and there testifying to the artistic splendour of the different dynasties having characteristic features, the site presenting a strange and weird aspect.

There are certain local or provincial difficulties. It is easier to study the different periods of architectural history in Southern India than in Upper India. The Southern Indian temples by reason of the accretions or additions for several centuries of subsidiary buildings clustering round the central ones furnish a continuity in the history of South Indian architecture; it is very convenient to study the different forms of architecture in one place betraying the peculiarities of