"Then tell her, my maid, then tell her," he said, "That you had to wait; For two ducks on the wing came and troubled the spring, And so you were late." "Tis not true, my maid," the old mother said, "By the maple boughs green With a lad you did smile, and chatted the while XIV -толі THE scant the mo of the one of Americ and neit makes (Theori the use characte Synt., § substitut ( in large gent ren Stilistik gation an plaining the close to say tha left to th prefix wo 1 An abstr December 27 intention, if c for the purp nomenon and 2 For this younger genera sleeve, who wit te mespread use I he fast Thich a writer lesi te mnie verb from the IK us and egal formulae, sometimes ense usually conveyed by the Fords by which special powers en onsules, ne quid Betrient ses of this sort, for the cant and cressons as 'reges place in the lan mones offerre' to the ideas. cm leno accipiat moechi capere means 'to receive,' sense to inherit,' which we find ne capis, in Cicero, Quintilian, and the jurists. Again, capere is 'to receive 12 5. 13 mercedem solidam veterum capis offici rarely in the literature of all persegi But Terence and Ovid, in Cicero, Caesar, 2 and d. 1. 42 accipiat sane medalem The legal formula teste .. sometimes say 'testes edere,' but as a rule employ the regular formula 'testes (testem) dare,' which was sanctioned by usage and generally passed current in the literature. in non is the use of dare in 8, 68, ergo ut miremur te, non tua, privum aliquid da. For poetic use, see p. 212. Ducere for deducere. 5, 125 f. duceris planta velut ictus ab Hercule Cacus et ponere foris. This juristic use of ducere is seen in the Laws of the Twelve Tables, in Plautus, Capt. 721 ducite, ubi ponderosas crassas capiat compedes, in Novius, com. fr. 115 (p. 330 Ribbeck3) Quanti addictust? Mille nummum. - Nihil addo: ducas licet, frequently in Seneca, e.g., Dial. 3. 18, 4; 4. 33, 3; Epist. 4, 9; Apoc. 6, etc., and in Curtius 8. 7, 15 (cf. Mützell's note). See also p. 213. -- II. In the sermo cotidianus, and especially in the sermo vulgaris, the simple frequently took the place of the compound verb, somewhat as in English we often say 'move' for 'remove' and 'tend' for 'attend.' The Roman soldier doubtless said 'exercitum scribere' (Sall. Cat. 32, 1; Cic. Fam. 3. 3, 1; Liv. 8. 8, 14; Bell. Alex. 53, 5), 'milites legere' (Pompeius in Cic. Att. 8. 12 A, 3), and ‘aciem struere' (Liv. 9. 31,9; Tac. Hist. 4, 24), but Cicero and Caesar regularly have exercitum conscribere,' 'milites deligere,' and 'aciem instruere.' To what extent carelessness and ignorance operated in causing the omission of the prefix, it is impossible now to determine, but it seems likely that the chief factor was the desire for brief and striking forms of expression, which is characteristic of colloquial speech in general. Every one knows that in post-Augustan times the language of daily life entered largely into the higher literature, so that it is not surprising to find in Juvenal the conversational use of the simple for the compound verb. At the same time, in view of our comparatively meagre knowledge of the Roman sermo cotidianus, it cannot be positively asserted that all of the following examples are taken from the sphere of popular speech; indeed, in some cases, nothing more than the probbility of that origin may be claimed. Agere for peragere. In 10, 155 Hannibal 'actum' inquit nihil est, nisi Poeno milite portas frangimus et media vexil XIV. The Use of the Simple for the Compound Verb in Juvenal.1 BY DR. HARRY LANGFORD WILSON, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. THE use of the simple for the compound verb has received scant attention at the hands of grammarians, and this is the more striking when we consider the important bearing of the subject on interpretation and the study of style. Not one of the Latin grammars published in England or in America even hints at the existence of such a phenomenon, and neither Reisig (with the additions), Kuehner nor Deecke makes the slightest reference to the matter. Grysar 2 (Theorie des lat. Stiles2, 1843, pp. 18, 255) casually mentions the use of the simple verb for the compound, which must be characterized as "dichterische Licenz," and Draeger (Hist. Synt., § 85) gives in one short section a few illustrations of this substitution, which he regards as a feature of poetic style due in large measure to the exigencies of metre. The most intelligent remarks on the subject are those of Schmalz (Latein. Stilistik, § 36), but apparently even he has made no investigation and merely records his own impressions. After explaining that the compound verb differs from the simple in the closer definition afforded by the preposition, he goes on to say that when the simple is used for the compound, it is left to the imagination of the reader to discover what the prefix would have expressed. Hence this use of the simple 1 An abstract of this paper was read at the special meeting in Philadelphia, December 27-29, 1900. The present treatment is merely preliminary; it is my intention, if circumstances permit, to extend the investigation over a wider field for the purpose of setting in clearer light the nature and scope of this phenomenon and arriving at surer conclusions than are at present possible. 2 For this reference to Grysar's Theorie, a work not as well known to the younger generation of scholars as it should be, I am indebted to Professor Gildersleeve, who with characteristic kindness read these pages in the proof, pointed out some Greek parallels, and offered other valuable suggestions. verb is characteristic of poetry and of the later prose which shows poetic influence. In the language of the best period, he adds, it rarely occurs, and apparently only when the simple verb has established itself in some formulaic expression. In addition to these exceedingly meagre accounts, the question is taken up in only a few treatises on the style of individual authors, notably those of Kleinschmidt for Lucilius, of Kuehnast and Riemann for Livy, of Draeger, Gantrelle, and Constans for Tacitus, and of Bonnet for Gregory of Tours, but without any complete collection of material and without thorough discussion. This is not, however, a question of grammar only, but one of interpretation. If an author sometimes says vertere for evertere, regere for erigere, ponere for disponere or deponere, it is obvious that there are innumerable opportunities for misinterpretation, so that the importance of discovering the sphere and possibilities of this feature of style can scarcely be overestimated. One of the chief difficulties which confronts the student of this question lies in the fact that not only is the simple verb often used for the compound, but the compound is also often used for the simple, especially in the post-classical period. In many cases the waning force of the preposition. gradually reduced the compound to the level of the simple verb; both are then used in prose without distinction, in poetry according to metrical convenience. Thus we find aequare and exaequare, agere and exigere, parare and comparare, linquere and relinquere, sorbere and exsorbere, employed without perceptible difference. But apart from such cases, which often cause uncertainty, there remain very many instances in which authors, especially the poets and the historians, have employed this device. In some of these it is merely a question of the more definite and accurate expression of the thought which the compound verb would afford; in others the sense of the compound is demanded by the context. Historically the simple verb must have existed before the compound. When it became necessary to distinguish dif |