face and pallid cheek you pray.' The contrast between recto vultu and pallidus which commentators from the scholiast to Mr. Duff have found, seems purely imaginary. In two other places Juvenal uses rectus with the force of erectus, 3, 26 dum prima et recta senectus, and 3, 252 (tot res) recto vertice portat servulus, but these are less striking. In support of the view here presented I may cite some instances in which the same idea is expressed by erigere: Ovid, Met. 1, 85 f. (of the creation of man) caelumque videre iussit et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus; Optatus Milevitanus 2, 20 (p. 57 Ziwsa) pharisaeus tumidus, superbus . . . non inclinata cervice sed erecta facie; Tertull. De Oratione 17 (of a modest and humble attitude in prayer) ne vultu quidem in audaciam erecto; Stat. Theb. 1, 186 erecta . . . fronte; ib. 5, 95 erecta genas; Ovid, Met. 14, 106 at illa diu vultum tellure moratum erexit; Petron. 60 convivae mirantes erexere vultus; Iuv. 8, 205 f. ad spectacula voltum erigit. Moreover, Juvenal is not alone in using rectus for erectus; Statius, describing an attack on Thebes, says that the men of Argos are heedless of the storm of missiles coming from the walls, and keep their faces upturned towards the battlements, rectosque tenent in moenia vultus (Theb. 10, 542), and Claudian writes in Tert. Cons. Hon. praef. 6 et recto flammas imperat ore pati. Rectus applied to human stature is frequent, and many examples of the expression 'rectis oculis intueri ' are collected in Bentley's note to Horace, C. I. 3, 18. Ructare for eructare. 4, 31 (partem cenae) ructarit scurra Palati. 6, 10 glandem ructante marito. The transitive use of ructare seems to be poetic, and belongs chiefly to the later period; e.g. Mart. 9. 48, 8 ructat adhuc aprum, and Sil. 2, 686 gutture ructatus large cruor. On the other hand, the ordinary use of the word is exemplified in 3, 107 si bene ructavit. Cf. Verg. Aen. 3, 632 saniem eructans et frusta. Solari for consolari. 6, 383 f. hoc se solatur. Verg. Aen. 5, 708 Aenean solatus. This verb is common in poetry and occurs also in prose, e.g. Plin. Epist. 8, 11, 3 and Tac. Hist. Spargere for respergere. 7, 180 spargatque luto iumenta recenti. 12, 8 (vitulus) spargendusque mero. In 6, 528 and 9, 84, however, spargere appears as in the best prose. This use of the simple verb is seen as early as Ennius, Thyest. fr. XI (p. 68 Ribbeck3) saxa spargens tabo, sanie et sanguine, and not rarely in the poets and later prose, e.g. Verg. Aen. 6, 230 (socios) spargens rore, and Petron. 138 (hoc) spargit subinde umore. Stare for circumstare. The present participle of the compound in the sense 'bystanders' is exceedingly common; the use of stantes in the same sense is so rare as to be very striking. In 7, 10f. we read et vendas potius, commissa quod auctio vendit stantibus; so Ovid, Met. 13, I vulgi stante corona, though here the last word suggests the force of the prefix. For a different view, cf. Jessen, Philol. 1900, p. 515. Stare for exstare. I, 76 stantem extra pocula caprum; cf. Ovid, Met. 12, 235 f. signis extantibus asper antiquus crater. 8, 3 stantis in curribus Aemilianos; cf. 10, 36 f. praetorem curribus altis extantem. Parallels to this use of the simple verb are Ovid, Pont. 3. 4, 35 ducis facies in curru stantis, and Stat. Theb. 2, 35 stat sublimis apex. Stillare for instillare. The classical word for 'pour in by drops' is instillare, which we find, e.g., in Cicero, Cat. M. II, 36 lumini oleum instilles, Hor. Sat. 2. 2, 62, Plin. N. H. 20, 83, and metaphorically in Cic. Att. 9. 7, I and Hor. Epist. 1. 8, 16 praeceptum auriculis hoc instillare. On the other hand stillare is regularly intransitive and is so used by Juvenal in two places, 5, 79 multo stillaret paenula nimbo, and 6, 109 malum semper stillantis ocelli. In one instance, however, he says nam cum facilem stillavit in aurem exiguum de naturae patriaeque veneno (3, 122 f.), for which no parallel is cited. Tenere for retinere. 7, 50 f. nam si discedas, laqueo tenet ambitiosi consuetudo mali. Verg. Aen. 4, 380 neque te teneo neque dicta refello. Ovid, Trist. 5. 9, 28 (canem) luctantem frustra copula dura tenet. Cf. p. 208, s.v. tenere. Torquere for contorquere. 5, 26 f. pocula torques saucius. 5, 155 iaculum torquere. 15, 64 (saxa) incipiunt torquere. 6, 449 f. curvum sermone rotato torqueat enthymema; cf. Cic. Tusc. 3. 26, 63 quae verba contorquet. The use of torquere in the sense to hurl' (missiles) is found in poetry from the time of Vergil, e.g. Aen. 10, 585, Ovid, Met. 12, 323, Stat. Theb. 10, 619, and occurs in a highly metaphorical passage in Cicero, De Orat. 1. 57, 242 amentatas hastas . . . oratoris lacertis viribusque torquebit. The compound, on the other hand, is employed by Lucr. 1, 965 (telum) contortum viribus ire, Verg. Aen. 2, 50 f. hastam in latus . . . contorsit, Curt. 8. 14, 36, and frequently in a transferred sense by Cicero. Trahere for contrahere. (a) 14, 325 rugam trahit. Ovid. Am. 2. 2, 33 traxit vultum rugasque coegit. id. Pont. 4, 1, 5 trahis vultus. Sen. Ben. 6. 7, I conligit rugas et trahit frontem. Cf. Cic. Cluent. 26, 72 contrahit frontem. (b) 15, 151 dispersos trahere in populum. Stat. Theb. 4, 638 f. trahit fatalis alumnos Gradivus, Luc. 4, 768 (quoted on p. 209), but Verg. Aen. 3, 8 contrahimusque viros. Venire for pervenire. 3, 243 ante tamen veniet. Verg. Aen. 2, 742 f. sedemque sacratam venimus. Cic. Att. 5. 12, I sexto die Delum Athenis venimus. Liv. 5. 34, 5 in Tricas tinos venit; cf. Caes. B. G. 4. 6, 4. Volvere for evolvere. 6. 452 volvitque Palaemonis artem. 10, 126 (Philippica) volveris a prima quae proxima. Lucr. 6,377 volventem carmina. Verg. Aen. 1, 262 volvens fatorum arcana. Cic. Brut. 87, 298 volvendi enim sunt libri. Cf. Cic. Tusc. I. II, 24 evolve diligenter eius eum librum, and for revolvere, which is used later in the same sense, Plin. Epist. 5. 5, 5 (librum) ad extremum revolvisse. Among the changing phenomena presented by the Latin language in its natural development and decline, none is more interesting than the use of the simple for the compound verb, which appears now and then in the literature of the Republic, becomes more prominent in the poetry of the Augustan age, and is carried to an extreme in the later period. Opinions may differ as to the effect of this substitution in individual cases; but if we grant that it is an artifice, to a large extent consciously employed for a definite purpose, its prime importance in the study of style must at once be acknowledged. 1, 155 pone Tigellinum. NOTE. Ponere for proponere. This technical use of ponere, 'paint,' was accidentally omitted from its proper place and, though not regarded as absolutely certain, may be added here. Other examples are Horace, C. 4. 8, 8 sollers nunc hominem ponere, nunc deum, Prop. 2. 3, 42 hic dominam exemplo ponat in arte meam, Ovid, A. A. 3, 401 si Venerem Cous nusquam posuisset Apelles, and Pers. 1, 70 nec ponere lucum artifices. Naturally, no evidence for the use of the compound verb in this sense is available. XV. The Stipulative Subjunctive in Latin.1 BY PROF. CHARLES E. BENNETT, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. I WISH to invite the attention of Latinists to a dependent use of the Latin Subjunctive which, so far as I can discover, has received practically no consideration from grammarians, and whose manifestations, so far as observed and commented upon by editors, have been, in my judgment, quite generally misinterpreted. As a typical example of the construction referred to, I cite Plaut. Bacch. 873 f. : Vis tibi ducentos nummos iam promittier Ut ne clamorem hic facias neu convicium? 'Will you agree to take two hundred nummi on the understanding that you are to make no outcry or disturbance . . . and that I am to abuse you roundly?' To this idiom I have earlier (Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, vol. ix, p. 21) given the name 'Stipulative,' and further examination of its manifestations at various periods of the language has seemed to me to justify the propriety of this designation. I define the Stipulative as a subordinate subjunctive clause designating primarily some agreement, compact, or understanding under which the main act takes place. As I shall hope to show, the idiom is sharply differentiated both logically and formally from clauses of proviso, and also from conditional clauses, with which latter construction at least one eminent grammarian (Schmalz, Lat. Synt. § 325) seems to confound it. As the views here advanced are new, I shall present all the material I have gathered that seems to me to illustrate the usage under discussion. This material, however, is probably not absolutely complete except for Plautus. The examples 1 Read at the special meeting held at Philadelphia, December, 1900. |