such syntactical extensions as faciam ne credas, in which, while the primitive mechanism of expression is retained, a new logical value has developed. Logically, to be sure, one might interpret such clauses as clauses of result, but any such explanation ignores utterly their origin and development, and fails to account for the negative employed. With efficere the ne (or ut ne) clause is to be explained as following the analogy of facere ne (ut ne), precisely as exoro and impetro (the one formally, the other logically) have taken on the construction of oro; though with all three of these verbs many scholars are wont to recognize the ne-clause as consecutive. For a fuller refutation of the view under consideration, see Durham, "The Subjunctive Substantive Clauses in Plautus (Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, vol. xiii), p. 12 et passim. Illustrations of these restrictive stipulative clauses follow: Cic. pro Scauro, 4. 5: qui tamen ipsi mortem ita laudant, ut fugere vitam vetent. Here the original stipulative force on the understanding that' easily develops under the influence of the context into the meaning 'with the restriction that,' 'with the reservation that.' id. Tusc. Disp. i. 45. 109: quantum autem consuetudini famaeque dandum sit, id curent vivi, sed ita ut intellegant nihil id ad mortuos pertinere. id. pro Sex. Rosc. 20. 55: verum tamen hoc ita est utile, ut ne plane illudamur ab accusatoribus. Livy, xxii. 61. 5: ita admissos esse (sc. in urbem) ne tamen eis senatus daretur. Here Greenough and Peck, ad loc., while recognizing the restrictive character of the ne-clause, explain it as consecutive; but it is difficult to believe that the words of Livy ever conveyed any such idea to the Roman mind, nor does it seem natural that a truly consecutive clause should develop the restrictive force. The obstacle to a consecutive interpretation created by the presence of ne has been considered above. C. I. L. vi. 10682: Musicus et Helenus fili fecerunt et sibi et suis libertis libertabusque posterisque eorum ita ne liceat hunc munimentum vendere. Front. de Aquis, ii. 123: idoneum structurae tempus est a Calendis Aprilibus in Calendas Novembres ita ut optimum sit intermittere eam partem aestatis, quae, etc. Dräger (c.) gives some further illustrations of clauses of this type, including unfortunately some that are not restrictive, but belong under our first head (see above, p. 224). Clauses of the type ita . . . ut non (instead of ne) present a special difficulty and will be considered below (p. 248). 6 c) Stipulative clauses with the force of on pain of' ‘under penalty of! I have noted only the following: 6 Plaut. Men. 216: ego hercle vero te et servabo et te sequar, neque hodie, ut te perdam, meream deorum divitias mihi; originally on the understanding that I'm to lose you'; i.e. ' on pain of losing.' id. Stich. 24: neque ille sibi mereat Persarum montis, qui esse aurei perhibentur, ut istuc faciat. Publ. Syr. 577: rex esse nolim ut esse crudelis velim. Cic. Laelius, 15. 52: nam quis est . . . qui velit, ut neque diligat quemquam nec ipse ab ullo diligatur, circumfluere omnibus copiis atque in omnium rerum abundantia vivere ? Porphyrio, on Hor. Car. ii. 12. 23: sensus est: num tu velis accipere Parthicas aut Phrygias divitias, ut Licymniae fructum amittas. d) Stipulative clauses with the force of 'on condition that.' Plaut. Aul. 458: lege agito mecum, molestus ne sis, 'go to law (on the understanding that,' and so) on condition that you only let me alone.' id. Curc. 660: tu ut hodie adveniens cenam des sororiam, hic nuptialem cras dabit: promittimus. id. As. 455 sic potius, ut Demaeneto tibi ero praesente reddam. id. Poen. 1365: ut sis apud me lignea in custodia. id. Rud. 1127: concredam tibi, ac si istorum nil sit, ut mihi reddas. Sonnenschein, ad loc., correctly recognizes the force of the ut-clause here. Cic. de Fin. v. 12. 36: in sensibus est sua cuiusque virtus, ut ne quid impediat, quo minus suo sensus quisque munere fungatur. id. in Vatin. 12. 30: ita enim illud epulum est funebre, ut munus sit funeris. Hor. Epp. i. 18. 107: sit mihi quod nunc est, etiam minus, ut mihi vivam, quod superest aevi. Some scholars would possibly be inclined to recognize in the above examples clauses of proviso, but the term 'proviso' is at present usually applied chiefly to dum-clauses. I believe it is best confined to them,1 as they have a special connotation not possessed by any of the examples just cited. The dum-clause implies that the protasis is realized on the fulfilment of what is contained in the clause of proviso, and on no other; the stipulative clauses above cited, like ordinary protases with si, do not carry this implication. e) Stipulative clauses with the force of 'by' with a verbal поип. Instances of this type, so far as I have noted, are confined to Plautus: Plaut. Stich. 121: qui potest mulier vitare vitiis? # Ut cotidie pridie caveat, ne faciat quod pigeat postridie; originally 'on the understanding that she avoid,' and so ‘by avoiding.' id. Pers. 35 facere amicum tibi me potis es sempiternum. # Quem ad modum? # Ut mihi des nummos sescentos. id. Mil. 186: quem ad modum? # Ut eum qui se hic vidit verbis vincat ne is se viderit. Siquidem centiens hic visa sit, tamen infitias eat. Tyrrell, ad loc., correctly recognizes the force of the utclause here, but gives no explanation of its origin. id. Capt. 423: nunc adest occasio benefacta cumulare, ut erga hunc rem geras fideliter. Hallidie correctly interprets ut geras, but gives no explanation of how its force develops. id. Truc. 919: hoc modo, ut ne molestus sis. 1 A clause of proviso introduced by ut modo occurs in Plaut. As. 274; and in later Latin a few instances of clauses of proviso with ut are found, e.g. Cic. de Sex. Rosc. 20. 55; Sen. de Ben, ii. 15. 1; Tac. Ann. iv. 38. 1. id. Pseud. 236: quonam pacto possim vincere animum? # In rem quod sit praevortaris quam in re advorsa animo auscultes. Bacch. 477 itane oportet rem mandatam gerere amici sedulo, ut ipsus osculantem in gremio mulierem teneat sedens? f) (Negative) Stipulative clauses with the force of 'without' with a verbal noun. Plautus is again the chief representative of the type. Plaut. Amph. 388: obsecro ut per pacem liceat te alloqui, ut ne vapulem, on the understanding that I'm not to be beaten,' and so, 'without being beaten.' id. As. 718: licet laudem Fortunam, tamen ut ne Salutem culpem. Gray, ad loc., takes ut ne culpem here as a clause of result. id. Merc. 145 dic mihi an boni quid usquamst, quod quisquam uti possiet, sine malo omni aut ne laborem capias, quom illo uti voles? : Here the collocation of the sine-phrase with the ne-clause is particularly worthy of note. id. As. 319: habeo opinor familiarem tergum ne quaeram foris. id. Aul. 358: sunt igitur ligna, ne quaeras foris. id. Miles, 638: ut apud te exemplum experiundi habeas, ne quaeras foris. The first five letters of quaeras are the practically certain conjecture of Luchs. The next two examples show ni instead of ne. id. Cist. 204: hanc ego de me coniecturam domi facio, ni foris quaeram. id. Merc. 693: parumne est malai rei quod amat Demipho, ni sumptuosus insuper etiam siet? id. Miles, 1207: nam si possem ullo modo impetrare ut abiret ne te abduceret, operam dedi. Salmasius here conjectured nec for ne, and has been followed by most recent editors, Ritschl, Fleckeisen, Brix, Tyrrell, Götz and Schöll, among others. But nec is not only unnecessary; it is positively detrimental to the sense of the passage. I believe we should adhere to the Mss. in this passage, as does Leo. id. Most. 412: Verum id videndumst, id viri doctist opus, Note again the collocation (here asyndetic) of a sine-phrase and an equivalent stipulative clause. id. Vid. 83: argenti minam adferam ad te, faenus mihi nullum duis. Götz and Schöll have a strong mark of punctuation after te; but the subjunctive here is quite parallel with the following example, where the same editors place only a comma. id. Capt. 331: eum si reddis mihi, praeterea unum nummum ne duis, et te et hunc amittam. id. Poen. 177: locum sibi velle liberum praeberier ubi nequam faciat clam, nequis sit arbiter. ibid. 662 at enim hic clam furtim esse volt nequis sciat neve arbiter sit. id. Bacch. 343 censebam me effugisse a vita marituma ne navigarem tandem hoc aetatis senex. id. Pseud. 321: quid nunc vis? # Ut opperiare hos sex dies aliquos modo, ne illam vendas neu me perdas hominem amantem. Morris, ad loc., expresses the opinion that the ne-clause is loosely attached as though dependent on volo; neither ut opperiare nor ne vendas, in his opinion, has advanced far beyond the paratactic stage; but in view of the numerous similar examples already cited I am convinced that ne vendas is truly subordinate. Lorenz's interpretation of ne vendas as final, may, I hope, be properly dismissed without discussion. id. Trin. 663: tute pone te latebis facile, ne inveniat te honor. Cic. de Fato, 13. 29 : licet etiam inmutare, ut fati nomen ne adiungas et eandem tamen teneas sententiam. id. de Fin. ii. 20. 64: (utebatur) vino et ad voluptatem, et ne noceret. |