subjunctive sit potitus can hardly be satisfactorily explained on any other basis. Brugmann, l.c. p. 13 f., has pointed out with great fulness the objections to the present reading and, besides enumerating the conjectures of other scholars, has himself proposed to reconstitute the verse as follows: si illic hodie illac erit potitus muliere. It is much simpler and much more methodical, I believe, to change si to ni and to explain sit potitus as stipulative. Roga me viginti minas in 1070 is logically equivalent to pignus dabo in viginti minas; if so, ni potitus sit (used aoristically in the sense of potiatur) becomes perfectly simple.

In view of the foregoing discussion, I hope that the application of the stipulative interpretation to expressions of the type iudicem ferre, sponsionem facere, sponsione laccessere, will not require further defence. Many of the passages are obviously extensions of the original type, — always so where we have an imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive; yet Cic. in Verr. ii. 3. 135: sponsio est, ni te Apronius socium in decumis esse dicat, gives an instance of the original form. The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives might, so far as the mood is concerned, be accounted for on the theory of oratio obliqua, but the employment of ni (instead of si) would in that case still await explanation.

Tanti, non tanti, ut; ne.

This idiom, so far as I can find, appears first in Cicero, and from his day on is fairly common in both prose and poetry; I have noted it as late as Claudian. Yet despite the frequency of the idiom, the character of the subjunctive occurring in it has, in my opinion, been almost universally misinterpreted. I first present my material (probably not entirely complete):

Cic. pro Q. Rosc. 8. 22: certe tanti non fuissent, ut socium fraudaretis.

id. pro Caec. 7. 18: non putavit esse tanti hereditatem ut de civitate in dubium veniret.

Cael. in Cic. ad Fam. viii. 14. 1: tanti non fuit Arsacem capere, ut earum rerum quae hic gestae sunt spectaculo careres.

id. de Off. iii. 20. 82: est ergo ulla res tanti aut commodum ullum tam expetendum ut viri boni splendorem et nomen amittas?

id. ad Att. xi. 16. 2: ego non adducor quemquam bonum ullam salutem putare mihi tanti fuisse, ut eam peterem ab illo.

Prop. iv. 11. 3. [M]: —

Tantine ulla fuit spoliati gloria Parthi

Ne faceres Galla multa rogante tua?

Petron. Sat. 62: ut mentiar nullius patrimonium tanti facio.

Lucan, Phars. iii. 51: nec vincere tanti, ut bellum differret, erat. Sen. de Ben. iii. 23: tanti iudicaverunt, ne domina occideretur, videri dominam occidisse.

ibid. vi. 22: est tanti, ut tu coarguaris, ista concidere?

ibid. vi. 34: qui optat amico aliquam necessitatem, quam adiutorio suo fideque discutiat, quod est ingrati, se illi praefert et tanti aestimat illum miserum esse, ut ipse gratus sit, ob hoc ipsum ingratus.

Tac. Dial. 40. 7: sed nec tanti rei publicae Gracchorum eloquentia, ut pateretur et leges.

Pliny, Epp. viii. 9. 2: nulla enim studia tanti sunt ut amicitiae officium deseratur.

Juv. iii. 54

Tanti tibi non sit opaci

Omnis harena Tagi quodque in mare volvitur aurum,

Ut somno careas ponendaque praemia sumas

Tristis et a magno semper timearis amico.

id. x. 98:

Sed quae praeclara et prospera tanti

Ut rebus laetis par sit mensura malorum?

Claud. in Ruf. ii. 249: non est victoria tanti ut videar vicisse

Juvenal x. 98 (just cited) is a typical example of the idiom to be considered. On this, Mayor offers the following labored explanation: "What glory or success is of so great value that the measure of misfortunes should [i.e. that one should be content that it should] equal the prosperity?" This is certainly taking great liberties, and, as I think I shall show, entirely gratuitous liberties, with the Latin. Mayor, like practically all others who have given attention to this type of expression since Madvig's day, takes the ut-clause as one of result, and to meet the evident necessities of the meaning of the passage, foists upon the result clause a meaning which clauses of result do not elsewhere have. If ut sit in the Juvenal passage can mean that it should be,' then tam vehementer currit ut cadat ought to be capable of meaning 'he runs so hard that he should fall.' That this is inadmissible would, I think, be the verdict of most Latinists. In fact, the special meaning attached to the subjunctive by those who take the clause as consecutive in expressions of this type is one adopted solely to support the consecutive interpretation and, so far as I am aware, never elsewhere applied.

An examination of the very numerous examples of the idiom I have gathered points clearly to another origin of the ut-clause occurring in it. In the negative type of the clause after tanti, we never have ut non, but ne, e.g. : —

Propertius, iv. 12. 8:

Tantine ulla fuit spoliati gloria Parthi

Ne faceres Galla multa rogante tua.

Sen. de Ben. iii. 23: Tanti iudicaverunt, ne domina occideretur, videri dominam occidisse.

The evidence, then, again points to a jussive origin for the subjunctive after tanti, non tanti, and the examples of the construction without exception all lend themselves most easily and naturally to this interpretation. Thus the last one, from Seneca, plainly means 'they deemed it worth while (tanti) to seem to have murdered their mistress, on the understanding that she wasn't really to be murdered.' So

the Juvenal passage: 'What glory or prosperity is worth while, on the condition that it is to be equalled by misfortune?'

Cf. also the following:

Cic. pro Caec. 7. 18: non putavit esse tanti hereditatem ut de civitate in dubium veniret, he did not deem the inheritance worth while, on condition of hazarding the loss of his citizenship.'

Cic. de Off. iii. 20. 82: Est ergo ulla res tanti aut commodum ullum tam expetendum, ut viri boni splendorem et nomen amittas, 'is any thing worth while, if it is on pain of forfeiting the glory and name of an honest man?'

Non fuit armillas tanti pepigisse Sabinas

Ut premerent sacrae virginis arma caput.

Pliny, Epp. viii. 9. 2: nulla enim studia tanti sunt, ut amicitiae officium deseratur, 'no studies are worth the while, if they entail abandonment of friendship.'

Ut, then, in expressions of this kind is not correlative with tanti in the sense of of so much importance that,' but tanti is used absolutely in the sense of 'worth the while'; cf. Cic. ad Att. ii. 13. 2: Iuratus tibi possum dicere, nihil esse tanti ; v. 8. 3: Nihil nobis fuerat tanti; xiii. 42. 1: Nunc nihil mihi tanti est. Faciam quod volunt; v. 20. 6: Quid quaeris? fuit tanti; and very frequently elsewhere.

This view of the ut and ne-clauses after tanti, non tanti, receives the strongest confirmation from the closely related dum-clauses1 used after the same words, e.g. :

id. in Cat. i. 9. 22: Sed est mihi tanti, dum modo ista privata sit calamitas et a rei publicae periculis seiungatur.

id. in Cat. ii. 7. 15: est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis huius belli periculum depellatur.

In the following passage we have both an ut-clause and a dum-clause after tanti.

1 For the difference between the clause of proviso and the stipulative clause, see above, p. 231.

Non tamen hoc tanti est, pauper ut esse velis.

At tibi sit tanti non indulgere theatris,

Dum bene de vacuo pectore cedat amor.

For much of the material on tanti ut, I am indebted to Madvig (Opusc. Acad. 1842, vol. ii. pp. 187-195). Madvig discusses the idiom at length and rightly interprets its logical value, but in explaining the ut-clause as consecutive he, in common with subsequent scholars, is, I believe, in error.

Stipulative Clauses Introduced by ut non.

Lastly, I wish to call attention to the following clauses introduced by ut non: the material, I believe, is fairly complete for Cicero, the author to whom it is mainly confined.1

Cic. pro Q. Rosc. 56: quem ad modum suam partem Roscius suo nomine condonare potuit Flavio, ut eam tu non peteres?

id. Div. in Caec. 13. 44: cuius ego ingenium ita laudo ut non pertimescam.

id. pro Balbo, 20. 46: potest igitur, iudices, L. Cornelius condemnari ut non C. Mari factum condemnetur?

id. in Pis. 24. 56: neque enim quisquam potest exercitum cupere aperteque petere ut non praetexat cupiditatem triumphi.

id. de imp. Cn. Pomp. 7. 19: non enim possunt una in civitate multi rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures secum in eandem trahant calamitatem.

ibid. ruere illa non possunt, ut haec non eodem labefacta motu concidant.

id. Phil. viii. 1. 2: potest enim esse bellum ut tumultus non sit, tumultus esse sine bello non potest.

id. Phil. xi. 5. 12: quidvis patiendum fuit, ut hoc taeterrimum bellum non haberemus.

id. Phil. xiv. 11: cui viginti his annis supplicatio decreta est, ut non imperator appellaretur?

id. de Fin. ii. 22. 71: malet existimari bonus vir ut non sit quam esse ut non putetur.

1 Cf. Dräger, Hist. Synt.1 ii. p. 631. Dräger recognizes the idiom, treating the subjunctive as consecutive.