them. Either there was jealousy between the two chieftains, or Holkar in reality wished to retire into Malwa to watch the progress of events: he could not, at any rate, be persuaded to join the confederacy. The events of the war with Sindia and the Rajah of Nagpoor, of the splendid victories of Assaye, Wurgaum, &c., are well known and remembered. Sindia retired to Hindostan after the treaty of Anjengaum, and Holkar prepared singly to take the field against the British. Some negotiations ensued between him and the Company's government through General Lord Lake, but his demands were so extravagant, and his tone so haughty, that nothing could be effected with him; and as he persisted in not withdrawing his troops from the British frontiers, the governor-general, Lord.Wellesley, came to the determination of attacking him. The events of the campaign were checquered with success to either party. Holkar was first obliged to retire before Lord Lake's army; but when that officer went into cantonments, leaving Colonel Stevenson's force to keep Holkar's army in check, and to effect a junction with a detachment which was coming from Guzerat, Holkar, as Colonel Monson advanced into his territory, met him; and although he could make no impression upon the British force with his cavalry, yet Colonel Monson was apprehensive of having his retreat cut off by the infantry and guns which he knew to be in his way, and commenced a retreat; which, though conducted with great bravery and endurance of difficulties, ended most disastrously, owing to the severity of the weather and swollen state of the rivers. We need not pursue a narration of these events, which are matter of history, further than to mention that Holkar, after being defeated by the army under Lord Lake at the battle of Deeg, lost his artillery, and was obliged to retreat northwards, and accept a peace dictated by the Company's government on the banks of the Beya, by which he was forced to cede a large portion of his territories.

In 1809, predatory hordes took up arms under Ameer Khan, an adventurer who had early attached himself to Jeswunt Rao Holkar, and risen under him to great power. They committed the greatest excesses in the Jeypoor and Boondee states; Ameer Khan wrested several districts from both, and VOL. VIII.-No XV.

in the end threw off his allegiance to the house of Holkar. The Company's government afterwards recognised his independence, though he had taken possession by the right of force alone of the districts he held from Holkar for the payment of his troops.

In 1818 the Indoor state was forced into the general Mahratta confederacy against the English by the factious parties in the army, who foresaw their ruin if the British cause triumphed. In the battle of Mehidpoor Holkar's army was defeated with the loss of its artillery, and his dominions were once more at the mercy of the Company's government. A treaty was the consequence of the battle, by which the state confirmed the independence of Ameer Khan, which it had before denied, transferred its tribute from the Rajpoot states to the Company's government, and a considerable territory besides; it was further obliged to guarantee Ghufoor Khan, a Pindaree chief, in his possessions,-to discharge superfluous troops, and to support a contingent of 3000 horse to act with the British forces when necessary: these were the material conditions of the treaty.

During the whole of the negotiations with this state the Company's government was materially assisted by the minister, Tantiah Jogh, who had from the first upheld its interests, and who joined to his political employment a large mercantile and banking establishment. Since the treaties above mentioned, this person has aided considerably in supporting the Company's opium monopoly; through his means treaties were made, by which the quantity of opium produced in Malwa was limited, and all not required for home consumption was delivered to the Company. These prohibitory measures, while they put a complete check upon the resources of the country, enabled Tantiah Jogh to fill his pockets by private speculations in the drug, which he was enabled to conduct in secresy; and as the Company's government could give him no other reward than this for his political friendship, he was content to receive it, and to be the means of injuring his government to suit his own and their selfish views. Matters remained in this state for many years, until the death of Tantiah Jogh; and to perpetuate them, in order that no upright person should haply be chosen who might have scruples of conscience about

the opium treaties, the infant grandson of Tantiah was appointed minister by the influence of the Company's government; and a man who had notoriously conducted the banking operations of the firm-the confidential servant of Tantiah Jogh-was appointed to act until the boy attained the necessary age. There is no reason to believe that the harmony of these arrangements has been disturbed, and we presume that they are in what the Company's government calls a most satisfactory state: to itself they certainly are so, as preventing the growth and exportation of opium; but not to the poor cultivators of Malwa, whose principal profit is drawn from the produce of the drug.

Indoor has ceased to be one of the first states in India, except in name; the share that the Company's government took and permitted Ameer Khan and Ghufoor Khan to retain of its possessions, reduced it at once to a second rank, from which it is impossible it can ever rise.

II. OODEYPOOR, or MEWAR.-In 1806, when the Company's government, thinking it could not support its position in central India, withdrew from its alliance with the Rajpoot states, and left them to their fate, its place was instantly occupied by the armies of Sindia, Holkar, Ameer Khan's organized body of plunderers, and others of a like description which were arising under Cheetoo, Kureem Khan and others. No state of Rajpootana suffered more from the ravages of these in turn than Mewar, where, from abundant supplies of forage and a mountainous country, there was an excellent retreat for armed bands. It became eventually necessary to attack them in their seats of power, and this led to treaties with the states of Rajpootana, which placed them under British protection, in 1817-18. The plunderers were expelled from Mewar by the troops of the Company's government, to which the Rajah ceded one-fourth of the revenues of his country for five years, and three-eighths in perpetuity, for the service it had rendered to him. It had also promised to effect the restoration of many districts which had been wrested from him by Ameer Khan and others; and for this service it was to receive three-eighths of the revenue of whatever was recovered; but it has failed to fulfil all that the Rajah had a right to expect. This is particularly exemplified in the

district of Neembhara, which is close to his capital, but was seized upon by Ameer Khan, and was one of those guaranteed to him when the Company's government supported his rebellion by recognising his independence. Subsequently the Rajah fell considerably into arrears of tribute; and in 1826 the Company's government was obliged to relieve him from the pressure of his difficulties, by remitting the debt.

"It is impossible," says Major Sutherland, "to approach this subject without reverting to ages long gone by, when the illustrious house of Oudeepore, which belongs to the highest antiquity, and whose prince is still considered king of the Hindoos, led the chivalry of Mewar against the encroachments of Mohammedan power; when it stood so nobly forward in the breach of its principal fortress, the far-famed Chittoor; when its cavalry swept the plains of Rajpootana in defence of its hundred lakes and islands, and a country which, in natural and artificial beauty, is not surpassed by any in India. It is the pride of this house that it never gave a daughter in marriage to the solicitations of the throne of Dihlee, when in the meridian of its power; and it is the reproach on the other houses of Rajpootana, that they yielded to that solicitation and made that sacrifice. It remained for later and more degenerate days to witness a still more distressing, though to the mind of a Rajpoot, a less degrading sacrifice; when the beautiful daughter of the late, and sister of the present Maha Rana, was privately put to death, Kishna Koomara Baee herself consenting, to save the effusion of blood between the armies of Jeypore and Jouhdpore, whose sovereigns sought that valued prize, to save her native country from being overrun by the armies which would have advanced to the plains of Oudeepore, to contend in the usual vulgar fashion for that one thing which neither force can give nor gold can buy, woman's love.”—Page 71.

III. JEYPOOR.-The first treaty of offensive and defensive alliance with this state, in 1803, stipulated that the Company's government was not to interfere, nor to demand tribute. Jeypoor bound itself to resist with its whole army any attack upon the Company's possessions in Hindostan, and the Company's government became guarantee for the Jeypoor state against external aggressions, the Jeypoor government paying for the help afforded. In 1805, when Holkar advanced upon Delhi, the forces of Jeypoor in some measure failed to co-operate, but in the following year its troops joined the Company's, and by the assistance they rendered to the British the government was able to maintain very efficient positions during the last war. Lord Lake considered that the aid afforded counterbalanced the failure of co-operation in the first instance. Sir G. Barlow however thought

otherwise; and dreading the responsibility, he dissolved the alliance, contrary to the wishes and in spite of the remonstrances of the Rajah; and Jeypoor was left quite defenceless, a prey to the ravages of Sindia, Holkar, and the Pindarees. In 1818, however, when the country had been reduced to an almost irretrievable state of ruin by these plunderers, the Company's government concluded a treaty similar to that of Oodeypoor, except "that Jeypoor is bound to pay eight "lakh of rupees per annum until its revenue shall exceed "forty lakh, when it is to pay five-sixteenths in addition.” Upon the nature of the interference with this state, which commences from this period, Major Sutherland says:

"Jeypore is the state in Rajpootana like Oude amongst the other states in India, in which we have interfered most largely and with least benefit either to ourselves, the rulers, or the people of the country. So far as the interests of the British government are concerned, we have had no object whatever in interfering, nor was it obligatory on us, in the first instance, in any way to interfere. We are not bound by treaty, nor have we by treaty the right to interfere, even to preserve internal tranquillity. Our duty is to save the state from external aggression: but as we are bound, or have been considered to be bound, to uphold the present family, it is of course doubtful to what extent our non-interference, even in internal disputes or wars, can be carried." -Page 74.

The Rajah died, and his queen became regent for Jey Singh, a posthumous child, who was allowed succession in preference to Man Singh, an adopted son. A struggle for the ministry ensued between a powerful chief, Bhyree Saul, who was in the British interest, and a merchant, Jota Ram, which ended in the preference of Bhyree Saul; Jota Ram, however, continuing to possess much influence with the queen. When the boy attained his seventh year, it became a question whether he should not be guided by a council of the chiefs of the state, at the head of which was Bhyree Saul. The question was raised by him, and he had the support of the Company's government; but on being referred to a kind of parlia ment composed of all the chiefs of the state, a majority of votes decided in favour of the queen's party, at the head of which was Jota Ram: still the Company's government continued to support Bhyree Saul against the other chiefs. Here we see another instance of its supporting a minister against the wishes of the regent, and, as the question had been decided