The evenings appropriated to the objects of this allociation, he spent with pleafure and fatisfaction. It was propofed in the fociety to publish a feries of effays on various useful fubjects and each member agreed in turn to furnith his number. This they performed for fome time, but profeffional and other purfuits of business diverting the attention of individuals, the task fell principally upon Dr. Fifke, and at lait was left folely in his hand. He purfued the train of thought fuggeft. ed by this affociation, and for the refidue of his life, with little interruption, he continued this periodical publication. Thefe effays appeared in the MaffachufettsSpy, under the title of The Worcester Speculator, in the Maffachufetts Magazine, under the title of The General Obferver, and in the Maflachusetts Spy, under the fignature of The Neighbour, the laft number of which appeared after his deceafe. The Philan thropist, which appeared in twenty-four numbers in the Maffachufetts Magazine, was alio the production of his pen.

man.

Dr. Fike taught by his example, as well as by his preaching and publications. In prof perity and adverfity he was the fame ferene, benevolent, good His life was marked with thofe events, which call into exercife the best habits of piety He followed two wives and one fon, a fenior fophifer at Harvard University,to the grave: Through thefe trying fcenes, he exhibited the refignation and the compofure of the established chriftian.

In his family Dr. Fifke was a model of the true Bifhop, "he Vol. I. No. 14. Iiii

ruled well his own house and had his children in fubjection with all gravity." His method of education was mild, but effectual. He blended the authority of the pa rent with the freedom of the friend, directed the minds of his children to the path of improvement and encouraged them to exercife their own powers: While he appeared to alk their opinion, he gave them inftruction and advice. His pecuniary concerns were managed with the greatest economy; with a small falary he found means generously to exercife the rights of hofpitality and to give three fons a collegiate education.

The reputation of Dr. Fiske

was not confined to his own diftrict; the corporation of Harvard Univerfity, whole honorary degrees have been granted with judgment and independence, and are admitted as full evidence of merit, felected him as a fuitable object of thefe honours, and in July, 1792, prefented him with a diploma in divinity. His brethren of the clergy, acknowledging his worth, were gratified with this teftimonial of his preeminence.

with dignity and to be useful to his fellow beings. He died without having experienced mental decay or bodily infirmity, rich in the affections of his people, respected by a numerous and valuable acquaintance, and holding an elevated rank in the publick opinion.

Dr. FISKE's printed works are :-An Hiftorical Sermon on the fettlement and growth of Brookfield, delivered December 31st, 1775. A Sermon on the Publick Faft, April 1776. A Sermon on the death of Mr.

Joshua Spooner, March 1778. An Oration on the capture of Lord Cornwallis, October 1781. A Sermon at the funeral of Mr. Jofiah Hobbs, who was killed by lightning, April 1784. A Volume of Sermons on various fubjects, 1794. A Dudlean Lecture, delivered in Harvard Chapel, Cambridge, September 1756. The two volumes of Edays publifhed after his death, 1801, entitled "The Moral Monitor," from whofe preface this memoir has been taken entire.

FOR THE MONTHLY ANTHOLOGY.

IT would be incompatible with our plan, to fpend much time in defcribing the different kinds of trunks. Seven are enumerated by LINNEUS. 1ft, the caulis or ftem, properly fo called, bearing the leaves and the flower. 2d, the culmus or fraw, which fpecies of ftem is generally hollow, as in gralles. 3d, the feapus. or ftalk, which bears the fructification only, the leaves not being raifed above the ground.* 4th, the pedunculus or flower-flalk, which bears the flower or fructification from the caulis. It is the ftalk or immediate fupport of a fingle flower or fruit. 5th, the petiolus or ftalk of a leaf. 6th, the frons, a vague term, generally ufed to fignify, that the root, ftem, leaf, and fructification are all in one.t 7th, the flipes, which is the talk of a frons, and is re

As in Hyacinth, Dandelion, &c. As in Ferns,

ftricted to Ferns, Palms, and fungous plants.

From thefe inferiour things we ftep forward, to view the more important object of

BUDS,

Which are called by VIRGIL gemme. As many plants have no buds, and fome, that have, are divefted of them, when removed to warm climates; it is evident, that they are not parts, effential to a vegetable. They are however fo common in thefe northern ftates, that our FLORA would ap pear awkward, diveted of her gems.

A BUD is a protuberance, hard body, or pointed button, being a compendium, or epitome of its parent plant, jutting out

Of arborefcent plants, that have no buds, we may enumerate the Grange, Lemon, the Acacias or Locul, the Geree niums, the Cypress, Oleander, "Guaicum, and Savin. Annual plants, or thofe, which perish after a year, have no buds.

from its ftem or branches. It is compofed externally of fcales which are elongations of the inner bark; and thefe are commonly covered with a refinous varnith, to protect the bud from cold, infects, and moisture. It contains the rudiments of the leaves or flower, or both; which are to be expanded the following

year.

in,

The bud appears to be rooted

or protuberated from the pith; for wherever a new bud is generated on the ftem, or in the bofom of a leaf, a membraneous diaphragm divides the cavity, and is covered with this medullary fubflance or pith; which divifion thus diftinguifhes one bud from another. Befide the fcales of the bark and the rudiments of the leaves, we difcover by fearching deeper, that the bud contains, like the feed, the parent plant in miniature. Seeds are vegetable eggs; buds foetal plants; both equally adapted to renew their fpecies. Linnæus calls a bud on a branch as well as a bulb on a root, the hibernaculum or winter quarters; as during the feverity of winter they enclose and protect the fleeping embryo.

plump feed; whereas if they be tranfplanted into the bark of a tree, they are more apt to perifh than leaf-buds. An accurate knowledge of these things would explode the vague terms of " barren buds," and "fertile buds ;" for anatomical inveftigation is the only rational method of arriving at certainty in the laws of vegetation.

By the term FOLIATION, botanifts mean the complication, or folded ftate of the leaves, while concealed within the buds. This intricate and complicated structure, was first evolved and displayed by our great mafler LINNEUS; who has taught us, that the leaves in buds are either

INVOLUTE; that is, rolled in, when their lateral margins are rolled fpirally inwards on both fides.

REVOLUTE, rolled back; when their lateral margins are rolled fpirally backwards on both fides.

OBVOLUTE, rolled against each other; when their refpective margins alternately embrace the ftrait margin of the oppofite leaf.

CONVOLUTE, rolled together; when the margin of one fide furrounds the other margin of the fame leaf in the manner of a cawl or hood.

IMBRICATE; when they are parallel, with a ftraight furface, and lie one over the other.

EQUITANT, riding; when the fides of the leaves lie parallel, and approach in fuch a manner, as the outer embrace the inner, which is not the cafe with the

CONDUPLICATE; or doubled together, that is, when the fides of the leaf are parallel, and approach each other.

PLICATE, plaited; when their complication is in plaits length

ways.

RECLINATE, reclined; when the leaves are reflexed downwards towards the petiole. CIRCINAL, compoffed; or in rings, when the leaves are rolled in fpirally downwards.*

Although Loefling's natural hiftory of buds has not been furpaffed, as any naturalist will be convinced, if he perufes his paper, entitled "GEMME ARBORUM," in the Amanitates Academica; yet Darwin is more to our prefent purpose, which is to mix the utile with the dulce.

DR. DARWIN, in his "philofophy of agriculture and gardening fays, "if a bud be torn from a branch of a tree, or cut out, and planted in the earth, with a glass cup inverted over it, to prevent the exhalation from being at first greater than its power of abforption ; or if it be inferted into the bark of another tree, it will grow, and become a plant in every refpect like its parent. This evinces, that every bud of a tree is an individual vegetable being; and that a tree therefore is a family or fwarm of individual

plants, like a polypus, with its young growing out of its fides, or like the branching cells of the coral infect."

"When old oaks or willows lofe by decay almost all their folid internal wood, it frequently happens, that a part of the shell of the trunk or ftem continues to flourish with a few healthy branches. Whence it appears, that no part of the tree is alive, but the buds, and the bark, and the root-fibres; that the bark is only an intertexture of the cau dexes of the numerous buds, as they pafs down to fhoot their radicles into the earth; and that the folid timber of a tree ceafes to be alive, and is then only of fervice to fupport the numerous family of buds in the air, above the herbaceous vegetables in their vicinity.

"A bud of a tree therefore, like a vegetable arifing from a feed, confifts of three parts; the plumula or leaf, the radicle or root-fibres, and the part which joins thefe two together, which is called caudex by LINNEUS, when applied to entire plants; and may therefore be termed caudex gemme, when applied to

buds.

"An embryon-bud, whether it be a leaf-bud, or a flower-bud, is the VIVIPAROUS offspring of an adult leaf-bud; and is as individual, as a feed, which is its OVIPAROUS offspring.

"As the feafon advances the leaf-bud puts forth a plumula, like a feed, which stimulated by the oxygen of the atmosphere, rises upwards into leaves, to acquire its adapted pabulum; which leaves conflitute its lungs. The

flower-bud under fimilar circumftances puts forth its fractes or floral-leaves; which ferve the office of lungs to the pericarp and calyx; and expands its petals, which again ferve the office of lungs to the anthers and fligmas; and thus like the leaf-bud, it becomes an adult vegetable being, with the power of producing feed." Darwin's Phital.

Clofe obfervers of nature have remarked, that about midfummer, there is a kind of paufe in vegetation, for perhaps a fortnight; and it is believed, that during this fpace, leaf-buds may be changed into flower-buds, and flower-buds into leaf-buds. The probability of this idea of tranfmuting flower-buds and leaf-buds into each other is confirmed, iays the ingenious author of " the Botanic Garden," by the curious converfion of the parts of the flowers of fome vegetable monsters into green leaves; if they be too well nourished, after they are fo far advanced, as to be unchangeable into leaf-buds. Inftances of this luxuriancy are fometimes feen in the chaffy fcales of the calyx of the Everlasting, in the Pink, and in the Rofe-Willow. The artificial method of converting leaf-buds into flower-buds is by disturbing the natural course of vegetation by binding fome of the most vigorous ftalks or roots with ftrong wire. See Bradley on Gardening, vol. 2, p. 155. Alfo Mr. Fitzgerard's mode in Philos. Tranfact. for 1761, and Count Buffon's in A&. Paris. An. 1738. The fuc

Double, or very luxuriant flowers, however beautiful in the eyes of the forifts, are called monflers by botanifts.

cefs of this operation depends on weakening or ftrengthening the growth of the last year's buds.

Inftead of planting buds in the earth, we plant them within the bark of another tree; taking care to place them fo, that the pith of the bud comes in clofe contact with the pith of the branch, in which the fit is made. This mode of propagation is called inoculation.§

An argument among others, that the Chinese had no communication with either Greeks or Romans, is their total ignorance of the art of ingrafting or inoculation. That the ancients werę well acquainted with this operation appears by this paffage from VIRGIL'S Georgics.

Where cruder juices fwell the leafy vein,

Stint the young germ, the tender blof

fom ftain;

On each lopp'd fhoot a foster scion bind, Pith prefs'd to pith, and rind applied

to riud.