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1851, when they planned another journey to Kanem and Borgoo, a vast unexplored region lying N. E. of the lake, and stretching half way to Nubia; but they were assailed by Arabs, and forced to return to Kuka. They found the sultan about to send an army 20,000 strong to subjugate Mandara, a country S. E. of Bornoo. They joined this expedition, which after marching 200 miles returned in triumph, with a booty of 5,000 slaves and 10,000 cattle. After resting nearly two months, Barth, near the close of March, 1852, set out for Baghirmi, a kingdom E. of Bornoo, which no European had ever visited. Here he was again forced to return, reaching Kuka Aug. 20. During his absence Overweg tried to penetrate the Fellatah kingdom of Yakoba, N. W. of the Benoowe, but his health was shattered, and he returned to Kuka, near which place he died, Sept. 27, 1852. Barth was now alone; but fresh funds reaching him from the English government, he resolved to pursue his explorations, sending his papers to England, with a request that another associate should be provided for him, and fixing upon the kingdom of Timbuctoo as his destination. He had sound health, goods for presents worth $200, four camels, as many horses, and five trusty servants, all well supplied with arms and ammunition. The party left Kuka Nov. 25, 1852, reached Sackatoo in April, and Timbuctoo Sept. 7, 1853. For many months nothing was heard of Barth except a rumor that he was dead. Meanwhile Edward Vogel, a German employed as an assistant to the British royal astronomer, volunteered to go in search of him. He was attended by a company of sappers and miners. At Tripoli he was joined by Mr. Warrington, son of the British consul. They reached Kuka in December, 1853. Here Warrington died; but Vogel learned that Barth was alive, and had left Timbuctoo, where he had been detained nearly a year. The vizier of Bornoo had forwarded the report that he had died, hoping that this would soon be the case, so that the supplies of the expedition might fall into his own hands. But civil troubles arising, the vizier was deposed, and Barth was protected by the sheik of Timbuctoo, who furnished him with an escort as far back as Sackatoo. He succeeded in exploring the middle course of the Quorra or Niger, which had not been before done by any European except Mungo Park, whose journal perished with him; he also discovered two considerable kingdoms, Gando and Hamd-Allahi, the existence of which had before been unknown. On Oct. 17 he reached Kano, the largest town in central Africa, where, his funds being exhausted, he succeeded in procuring a loan by paying 100 per cent. interest. On Dec. 1, 1854, he was met by Vogel, the first European he had seen since the death of Overweg, more than two years before. Having wintered at Kuka, Barth started for home in May, 1855, and reached Marseilles Sept. 8, having been absent nearly six years. After visiting his friends in Germany, he went to London to

prepare an account of his explorations. The "Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa" appeared simultaneously in English and German (5 vols., London and Gotha, 1855'8), with numerous illustrations, many of them colored, and elaborate maps of his various routes. This is Barth's great work, and, though heavy and diffuse in style, it is still the most valuable book of African travel which has appeared. Barth made it a point, wherever he was, to study the language and history of the country, and he brought to light much that would otherwise have been wholly lost to the student. Having completed the account of his African travels, he made several other journeys, of which he published accounts: Reise con Trapezunt durch die nördliche Hälfte Kleinasiens nach Scutari (Gotha, 1860); Reise durch das Innere der europäischen Türkei (Berlin, 1864); and in 1865 he made a tour in Albania and Montenegro. At the time of his death he was professor extraordinary of geography in the university of Berlin. His posthumous work, Sammlung Centralafrikanischer Vocabularien, appeared in 1866.

BARTHÉLEMY, Auguste Marseille, a French poet, born in Marseilles in 1796, died there, Aug. 23, 1867. He excelled as a satirist, and his Rome à Paris (1826) passed through many editions. About 1825 he formed a literary partnership with Méry, another satirical poet, and together they published La Villéliade, an attack on the ministry of Villèle, and in 1828 Napoléon en Egypte, copies of which were sent to every member of the Bonaparte family. In 1829 he published Le fils de l'homme, an account of a visit to the duke of Reichstadt, for which he was fined and imprisoned. He was alternately a satirist of the government and of the opposition, his course being determined by pensions, fines, and imprisonments. Among the latest of his many productions was Le deux décembre (1852), a vindication of Louis Napoleon's coup d'état.

BARTHÉLEMY, François, marquis de, a French diplomatist, born at Aubagne, Oct. 20, 1747, died in Paris, April 3, 1830. He was educated by his uncle, Jean Jacques Barthélemy, and became prominent in the diplomatic service, especially at Basel, where in 1795 he negotiated the first treaties of peace of the republic with Spain, Prussia, and Hesse-Cassel. He was a member of the directory, and after the 18th Fructidor was transported with Pichegru to Guiana, whence he escaped to the United States and to England. He was among the first recalled by the first consul, who made him a senator, and afterward a count. He voted to make Bonaparte consul for life, and presided in 1814 over the senate which deposed the emperor, for which Louis XVIII. created him a peer. After the hundred days he was made a minister of state and marquis. His motion in 1819 for reducing the electoral vote became one of the principal sources of political agitation during the restoration.

the works of Aristotle (17 vols. 8vo, 1837-'66) is the first complete French version, and is very fully annotated. He has also published a memoir De la Logique d'Aristote (2 vols. 8vo, 1838). Among his other works are several on Buddhism, Mahomet et le Coran (1865), and Philosophie des deux Ampère (1866).

BARTHÉLEMY, Jean Jacques, a French archa- | the geographical society. His translation of ologist and author, born at Cassis, Jan. 20, 1716, died in Paris, April 30, 1795. He was educated for the church, and retained the title and costume of an abbé, but devoted himself chiefly to archæological studies. In 1753 he became director of the cabinet of medals and coins, which he made the most renowned and extensive collection in the world. While visiting Italy in 1754-7 for the acquisition of ancient medals, he formed the acquaintance of M. de Stainville, afterward duke de Choiseul and prime minister, who placed him in possession of handsome revenues; and though Barthélemy made a modest use of his good fortune, it yet exposed him to the animosity of D'Alembert and others. As early as 1748 he was admitted to the academy of inscriptions and belleslettres, and in 1789 he was elected to the French academy. He was arrested in 1793, but released through the intervention of the minister of the interior. He wrote many learned disquisitions on numismatics and archæology, published a romance and some poetry, and left the MS. of his Voyage en Italie (edited by Sérieys, Paris, 1802); but his fame rests on his Voyaye du jeune Anacharsis en Grèce (4 vols., 1788), on which he labored 30 years, and which has passed through many editions, serving for a long time as a text book on ancient Greece. It has been translated into English and most other European languages.

BARTHÉLEMY SAINT-HILAIRE, Jules, a French savant, born in Paris, Aug. 19, 1805. He was employed in the ministry of finance and as assistant professor of French literature in the polytechnic school till 1838, when the first portion of his translation of Aristotle gained for him the chair of Greek and Latin philosophy in the collége de France, followed the next year by a seat in the academy of moral and political sciences. In 1840 he served for some time under Cousin in the ministry of public instruction. He became connected with the Globe and other newspapers, was an earnest opponent of Charles X. and of Louis Philippe, and after the revolution of 1848, as member of the constituent and legislative assemblies, was one of the leaders of the conservative republicans. He made an unsuccessful attempt to have Gen. Cavaignac censured for the ineffectiveness of the measures taken to suppress the insurrection of June in its beginnings. He denounced the usurpation of Louis Napoleon in December, 1851, and for a short time was a prisoner at Mazas. He resigned his connection with the collége de France, which had been placed under his direction, and did not resume his professorship till 1862. In the mean time he had cooperated with M. de Lesseps in the Suez canal project (1855-'8), and visited Egypt as one of the representatives of that enterprise. In 1869 he was elected to the national assembly, and in 1871 he became secretary general of the cabinet of his old and intimate friend M. Thiers, with whom he was elected in 1872 member of

BARTHEZ, or Barthès. I. Paul Joseph, a French physician, born at Montpellier, Dec. 11, 1734, died Oct. 15, 1806. He early acquired renown as an army physician, and about 1760 became a professor in the medical school of Montpellier, and in 1773 coadjutor and prospective successor of the chancellor of the faculty. He was also received doctor of law in 1780, and appointed councillor in the court of aids. His haughty character led him into disagreements with his colleagues, wherefore he removed to Paris in 1781, and became consulting physician to the king, member of the council of state, and of many learned societies. He lost his places at the revolution, but was afterward honorary professor at Montpellier, and received many tokens of regard from Napoleon. He explained the animal economy by the theory of a vital principle, and has been called the Hegel of medical science. His method is stated in his Nouveaux éléments de la science de l'homme (Montpellier, 1778; enlarged ed., 2 vols., Paris, 1806), which has been translated into mcst European languages. His Nouvelle mécanique des mouvements de l'homme et des animaux (Carcassonne, 1798), and his Traitement des maladies goutteuses (2 vols., Paris, 1802; new ed., 1819), have been translated into German. Among his other numerous writings are two posthumous works, Traité du beau (edited by his brother, 1807), and Consultations de médecine (2 vols., 1810). II. Antoine Charles Ernest de, a French physician, grand-nephew of the preceding, born at Narbonne about 1800. He received his doctor's diploma in Paris in 1839, became physician to several hospitals, and prepared with M. Rilliet his Traité clinique et pratique des maladies des enfants (new ed., 3 vols., Paris, 1853-'4), which won prizes from the medical academy and academy of sciences.

BARTHOLD, Friedrich Wilhelm, a German historian, born in Berlin, Sept. 4, 1799, died Jan. 14, 1858. He studied history under Raumer, and was teacher at the Frederick's college of Königsberg (1826-231), and professor of history at the university of Greifswald (1831-'58). His principal works are: Der Römerzug König Heinrich's von Lützelburg (2 vols., Königsberg, 1830-'31); Geschichte des grossen deutschen Krieges von Gustav Adolf's Tode ab (Stuttgart, 1841-3); Geschichte der deutschen Städte und des deutschen Bürgerthums (4 vols., Leipsic, 1850-'52); and Geschichte der deutschen Hansa (Leipsic, 1854).

BARTHOLDY, Jakob Salomon, a German diplomatist and patron of art, born in Berlin, May 13, 1779, died in Rome, July 27, 1825. He was of a rich Jewish family, studied at Königsberg,

spent several years in Paris, visited Italy and Greece, and in 1805 became a convert to Protestantism. He fought in the Austrian army against the French, and roused the national spirit by his Krieg der tiroler Landleute, 1809 (Berlin, 1814). In 1813 he held a place in the Prussian chancery under Hardenberg, attended the congresses of Vienna and Aix-la-Chapelle, and was consul general in Italy from 1815 to 1818, and afterward chargé d'affaires in Florence. He published in 1815 an anonymous biography of his friend Cardinal Consalvi, employed Cornelius, Overbeck, and other German artists in Rome in fresco painting, and left a large art collection, the greater part of which, chiefly bronzes, vases, and terra cotta, has passed into the possession of the museum of Berlin. BARTHOLIN. I. Kaspar, a Danish physician and savant, born at Malmö, Sweden, Feb. 12, 1585, died in Copenhagen, July 13, 1629. He taught medicine in Basel, practised at Wittenberg, and was successively professor of rhetoric, medicine, and theology at the university of Copenhagen. His principal work, Institutiones Anatomicæ (Wittenberg, 1611), has passed through several editions and been translated into foreign languages. II. Thomas, son of the preceding, born in Copenhagen, Oct. 20, 1616, died at Hagested, Dec. 4, 1680. He was a physician, professor of mathematics, and for 11 years of anatomy, in Copenhagen, and finally became physician to the king, director of the university library, and adjunct judge of the supreme court. He is especially distinguished as the reputed discoverer of the lymphatic system of vessels, though the priority in this matter was contested by Olaus Rudbeck of Sweden. His works were very numerous, the most important being De Lacteis Thoracis in Homine Brutisque (Copenhagen, 1652), and Vasa Lymphatica nuper Hafnia in Animalibus inventa et in Homine, et Hepatis Exequia (1653).

BARTHOLOMEW, a southeastern county of Indiana, drained by Flat Rock creek and Driftwood fork of White river; area, 375 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 21,133. The eastern part is generally level, but in the west are hills of some elevation. The Jeffersonville, Madison, and Indianapolis railroad and its Shelbyville division pass through the county. In 1870 the chief productions were 491,424 bushels of wheat, 1,529,675 of Indian corn, 111,839 of oats, 67,352 of potatoes, 9,370 tons of hay, 221,086 lbs. of butter, and 47,590 of wool. There were 6,189 horses, 4,372 milch cows, 7,816 other cattle, 15,838 sheep, and 38,546 swine. Capital, Columbus.

BARTHOLOMEW BAYOU, a large stream of the S. W. United States, rises N. W. of Pine Bluff, Jefferson county, Arkansas, and flows very tortuously S. E., S., and S. W. into the Washita river at Washita City, Morehouse parish, Louisiana. It is navigable by steamboats for 250 m. BARTHOLOMEW. I. Valentine, an English painter, born Jan. 18, 1799. He acquired renown as a flower painter, and has been for

over 30 years a member of the society of water-color painters. II. Anne Charlotte, a miniature and flower painter and poetess, second wife of the preceding, born at Loddon, Norfolk, early in this century, died Aug. 18, 1862. She was a daughter of Mr. Arnall Fayermann and a niece of Dr. John Thomas, bishop of Rochester. In 1827 she married Mr. Walter Turnbull, a composer of popular songs, who died in 1838; and in 1840 she became the wife of Mr. Valentine Bartholomew. She was a member of the society of female artists, and published "The Songs of Azrael," a volume of poems; "The Ring, or the Farmer's Daughter," a play (1829); and "It's Only my Aunt," a farce (1849).

BARTHOLOMEW, Saint, one of the twelve apostles, a native of Galilee, and generally supposed to be the same as Nathanael, who is mentioned by St. John among the first disciples of Christ. According to Eusebius and other ancient authors, he preached the gospel in the Indies, under which name they generally include not only India proper, but also Arabia and Persia. It is related that in the third century traces of Christianity were found in those countries, and that a copy of St. Matthew's Gospel in Hebrew was preserved by the natives, who had a tradition that St. Bartholomew left it there when he came among them to preach the faith. He afterward journeyed into Phrygia, met St. Philip at Hierapolis, and thence passed into Lycaonia. Beyond this we are told little of his life and travels, and even the meagre accounts which we have received are of doubtful authenticity. The place and manner of his death are equally uncertain. Modern Greek writers assert that he was crucified at Albanopolis; others that he was flayed alive. As we know that it was not unusual in some parts of the East to unite these two barbarous punishments, it is possible that both accounts may be true. The relics of this apostle have undergone many vicissitudes. We hear of them at Dura in Mesopotamia, in the island of Lipari, and at Benevento. It is believed by Roman Catholics that they rest beneath the high altar in the church of St. Bartholomew at Rome. A gospel anciently attributed to St. Bartholomew was declared apocryphal by Pope Gelasius I. A collection of writings also ascribed to him, but doubtless without reason, is known to have existed during the first four centuries of the Christian era, although no part of it now remains. His festival day in the Roman church is Aug. 24, and in the Greek June 11.

BARTHOLOMEW, Saint, Massacre of, the slaughter of Huguenots in France on St. Bartholomew's day (Aug. 24), 1572. It is maintained on the one hand that it was the result of a plot laid long beforehand to annihilate the Huguenots, in which religion had the prominent part; on the other, that it was a sudden outbreak, arising wholly from political motives. A desperate struggle had for many years been waged in

France between the Catholics and the Huguenots, in which both parties committed numerous outrages. It took finally the form of a conflict between the houses of Guise and Condé. The feeble Charles IX. was now king, his mother Catharine de' Medici being the real sovereign. It being certain that neither Charles nor his brother Henry would have children, Henry of Navarre, afterward Henry IV., was the next heir to the throne. He was by birth and education a Protestant, and had distinguished himself in war. In 1570 a peace had been patched up between the parties, which was to be rendered more secure by the marriage of Henry with Margaret of Valois, the sister of the king. August 18, 1572, was fixed upon for the wedding, and many of the principal Huguenots were gathered in Paris. On the 22d Admiral Coligni, one of the foremost Huguenots, was fired upon by an assassin named De Maurevel, known to have been a creature of Catharine, who was jealous of the influence which the admiral had acquired over the king. It has been maintained by many that the marriage between Henry and Margaret was a scheme intended only to collect the Huguenot leaders in Paris in order that they might all be put to death at once, and that the assassination of the admiral was to be the signal for a general massacre. Coligni was not killed, but severely wounded. The king visited him, and swore that the assassin should be punished. The Huguenots were alarmed, and uttered violent threats. Catharine persuaded her son that they were on the point of massacring the Catholics, and that the only thing to be done was to anticipate them. At her urgency, Charles in the night of the 23d gave an order for a general massacre of the Huguenots, the signal to be the tolling of the matin bell of St. Germain l'Auxerrois. The execution of this measure was intrusted to the duke of Guise and the Italian guards of the palace, supported by the companies of the burghers. Orders were also sent to all the principal provincial cities, directing a simultaneous massacre throughout France. It is said that the king was reluctant to give these orders, and that at the last moment he countermanded them; but the duke of Guise, to whom the counter-order was given, replied that it was too late, and mounting his horse rode off toward the hotel of Coligni, for the completion of the murder of the admiral was the first step to be taken. A band of assassins burst into his apartment, ran him through the body, and flung the corpse from the window into the street, where the duke of Guise was waiting on horseback. He dismounted and wiped the blood from the face of the victim in order to be sure that there had been no mistake as to the person. At 4 o'clock in the morning the signal was given, and the general massacre commenced. It is said that Charles, with his brother Henry of Anjou and their mother, was at the time in the tennis court; that he

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was at first overcome with horror, but soon began himself to fire from the windows of the Louvre. But this statement rests upon insufficient authority, and is inconsistent with his conduct before and after. He died 21 months after the massacre, not without suspicions of having been poisoned by his mother and brother, although the Huguenots ascribed his death to the direct visitation of God. His agony of mind and body was extreme. He sweat blood," say credible historians, "from every pore," and died exclaiming, “Oh, how much blood! how many assassinations! Oh, what evil counsels have I followed! O Lord God, pardon me, and have mercy upon me!" The slaughter in Paris lasted for several days. Condé and Henry of Navarre escaped by attending mass, and pretending to become Catholics; but most of the Huguenots gathered in Paris were killed. But the slaughter was not confined to them. Many who had grudges to avenge, or something to gain by the death of others, took occasion to gratify their malice or cupidity. The orders for the massacre were executed in nearly all the cities and towns of France where Huguenots were to be found as speedily as they could be received from Paris. It occurred at Meaux on Aug. 25; at La Charité on the 26th; at Orleans on the 27th; at Saumur and Angers on the 29th; at Lyons on the 30th; at Troyes on Sept. 2; at Bourges on the 11th; at Rouen on the 17th; at Toulouse on the 23d; at Romans on the 30th; at Bordeaux on Oct. 3. Many districts and towns, however, were spared, generally through the opposition of their governors or local authorities. The number of persons put to death in all France is variously stated at 100,000 to 1,500. The former number is doubtless much too great; the latter much too small. estimate of De Thou, 20,000, is probably near the truth. The subsequent conduct of the French government throws considerable light upon the origin of the massacre. Lingard states it as follows: "The bloody tragedy had been planned and executed at Paris with so much expedition that its authors had not determined on what ground to justify or palliate their conduct. In the letters written the same evening to the governors of the provinces and to the ambassadors at foreign courts it was attributed to the ancient quarrel and insatiate hatred which existed between the princes of Lorraine and the house of Coligni. But as the duke of Guise refused to take the infamy on himself, the king was obliged to acknowledge in parliament that he had signed the order for the death of the admiral, and sent in consequence to his ambassadors new and more detailed instructions. La Motte Fénelon, the ambassador to England, assured Elizabeth that Charles had conceived no idea of such an event before the preceding evening, when he learned with surprise and astonishment that the confidential advisers of the admiral had formed a plan to avenge the attempt made on

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his life by surprising the Louvre, making prisoners of the royal family, and putting to death the duke of Guise and the leaders of the Catholics; that the plot was revealed by one of the council whose conscience revolted from such a crime; that his deposition was confirmed in the mind of the king by the violent and undutiful expressions uttered by Coligni in the royal presence; that having but the interval of a few hours to deliberate, he had hastily given permission to the duke of Guise and his friends to execute justice on his and their friends; and that if, from the excited passions of the populace, some innocent persons had perished with the guilty, it has been done contrary to his intention, and has given him the most heartfelt sorrow." The balance of evidence evinces that the original plan, formed by Catharine de' Medici and the duke of Guise, was simply to disorganize the Huguenot party by the murder of Coligni, their recognized leader; that the partial failure of this threw the court into alarm, and the weak king, persuaded that his person was in danger, consented to issue the order for the massacre, which, as expressed by Lingard, "was not originally contemplated, but grew out of the unexpected failure of the attempt already made upon the life of the admiral."-A grave question has arisen as to the supposed complicity of the papal court in the massacre. The despatches of the papal nuncio at Paris seem to set this question at rest. On the very day of the massacre he wrote to the cardinal secretary at Rome an account of the matter. A month later (Sept. 22), in reply to inquiries for more detailed information, he wrote: "The queen regent, having become jealous of the admiral, came to the resolution a few days before, and caused the arquebuse to be discharged at him without the knowledge of the king, but with the participation of the duke of Anjou, and of the duchess of Nemours, and of her son the duke of Guise. Had he died immediately, no one else would have perished. But he did not die, and they began to expect some great evil; wherefore, closeting themselves in consultation with the king, they determined to throw shame aside, and to cause him to be assassinated with the others; a determination which was carried into execution that very night." This account was contained in a cipher despatch from the nuncio at Paris to the government at Rome, which would hardly have asked information about a conspiracy in which they had borne a part; and the nuncio, in a secret despatch, would hardly have spoken in terms of such condemnation of a plot in which his superiors were implicated. These secret despatches were first published almost two centuries after. A solemn Te Deum over the event was sung at Rome by the order of Pope Gregory XIII.; but it must be borne in mind that, according to the accounts then at hand, the affair grew out of an unsuccessful conspiracy against the French government and the Catholic church;

and the Te Deum belonged to the same category with the one sung shortly before for the victory gained at Lepanto over the Turks.-Nuthdorf, a German student who professed to have been an eye witness of the massacre, left a narrative of it in Latin, which has been recently discovered in France, and is said to be in course of publication (1872).

BARTLETT, Elisha, an American physician and author, born in Smithfield, R. I., in 1805, died there, July 18, 1855. He graduated from the medical department of Brown university in 1826, spent a year in Europe, and commenced practice in Lowell, Mass. He delivered the course of lectures on pathological anatomy at the Berkshire medical institute in Pittsfield, Mass., in 1832, and in 1839 lectured at Dartmouth college. Subsequently he held professorships in Transylvania college, Lexington, Ky. (1841), the university of Maryland (1844), Lexington again (1846), Louisville (1849), and the university of New York (1850); and from 1851 till his death he held the chair of materia medica and medical jurisprudence in the college of physicians and surgeons in New York. While occupied in these different situations during the autumn and winter, he also delivered from 1843 to 1852 the lectures at the Vermont medical college, Woodstock, in the spring and summer. He wrote "Essay on Philosophy of Medical Science" (1844); "Inquiry into the Degree of Certainty in Medicine (1848); "The Fevers of the United States" (1850); "Discourse on the Times, Character, and Works of Hippocrates" (1852); and a volume of verses entitled "Simple Settings in Verse for Portraits and Pictures from Mr. Dickens's Gallery" (1855); and edited "The Monthly Journal of Medical Literature" at Lowell.

BARTLETT, Ichabod, an American lawyer, born in Salisbury, N. H., in 1786, died in Portsmouth, N. H., Oct. 19, 1853. He was educated at Dartmouth college, and commenced the practice of law in Durham, but soon removed to Portsmouth, where he spent the rest of his life. He is celebrated as an opponent of Webster and Mason. He was seven years in the state legislature, a representative in congress (1823-'9), and a member of the state constitutional convention of 1850.

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BARTLETT, John Russell, an American author, born in Providence, R. Í., Oct. 23, 1805. He was early placed in a banking house, and was for six years cashier of the Globe bank at Providence. While there he was one of the original projectors of the Providence athenæum and an active member of the Franklin society, before which he occasionally lectured. 1837 he engaged in business in a commission house in New York, in which he was unsuccessful. He then took part in establishing there the bookstore of Bartlett and Welford, chiefly for the importation of foreign works. He became at this time one of the active managers of the New York historical society, and was a projector of the American ethno

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