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licto ignoscere; neminem misericordem esse nisi stultum et levem; viri non esse neque exorari neque placari; solos sapientes esse, si distortissimi sint, formosos, si mendicissimi, divites, si servitutem serviant, reges: nos autem, qui sapientes non sumus, fugitivos, exsules, hostes, insanos denique esse dicunt: omnia peccata esse paria, omne delictum scelus esse nefarium, nec minus delinquere eum, qui gallum gallinaceum, cum opus non fuerit, quam eum, qui patrem suffocaverit : sapientem nihil opinari, nullius rei paenitere, nulla in re falli, 62 sententiam mutare numquam. xxx. haec homo ingeniosissimus, M. Cato, auctoribus eruditissimis inductus arripuit, neque disputandi causa, ut magna pars, sed ita vivendi. petunt

μὴ εἶναι, συγγνώμην τε ἔχειν μηδενί. cf. Tusc. D. IV. § 18.

viri] a true man. the name. cf. § 63.

A man worth

solos...dicunt] μόνον τε (τὸν σοφὸν) ἐλεύθερον, τοὺς δὲ φαύλους δούλους. οὐ μόνον δὲ ἐλευθέρους εἶναι τοὺς σοφούς, ἀλλὰ καὶ βασιλέας, τῆς βασιλείας οὔσης ἀρχῆς ἀνυπευθεύνου, ἥτις περὶ μόνους ἂν τοὺς σοφούς orain. Freund adds Lucian's words, μόνος οὗτος σοφός, μόνος καλός, μόνος δίκαιος, ἀνδρεῖος, βασιλεύς, ῥήτωρ, πλούσιος, νομοθέτης καὶ τἄλλα ὁπόσα ἐστίν. cf. Cic. de Fin. IV. § 74, nam ex eisdem verborum praestigiis et regna nata vobis sunt et imperia et divitiae, et tantae quidem, ut omnia quae ubique sint sapientis esse dicatis. solum praeterea formosum, solum liberum, solum civem; stultos omnia contraria, quos etiam insanos esse vultis, Acad. pr. II. §§ 136, 144. The titles of the Paradoxa, 5 ὅτι μόνος ὁ σοφὸς ἐλεύθερος, 6 ὅτι μόνος ὁ σοφὸς πλούσιος, 4 ὅτι πᾶς ἄφρων μαίνεται, shew how Cicero coquetted with Stoicism. [See also the banter of Horace, Epp. I. 1. 106-108, Sat. I. 3. 124-142, II. 3. 40—46.]

servitutem serviant] cf. Gellius II. 18. 9, Diogenes etiam Cynicus servitutem servivit, the phrase is archaic, says Quint. VII. iii. 26. See Prof. Mayor's note on Cic. Phil. II. § 42, dicta dicere.

omnia...suffocaverit] åpéokeɩ TE αὐτοῖς ἴσα ἡγεῖσθαι τὰ ἁμαρτήματα ...εἰ γὰρ ἀληθὲς ἀληθοῦς μᾶλλον οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐδὲ ψεύδος ψεύδους, οὕτως οὐδὲ ἀπάτη ἀπάτης, οὐδὲ ἁμάρτημα ȧμаρтýμатos. cf. de Fin. IV. § 74, Parad. 3 ὅτι ἴσα τὰ ἁμαρτήματα καὶ τὰ κατορθώματα. Hor. Sat. I. 3. 76 —124.

opinari] emphatic. Never 'fancies' or 'supposes' anything. erɩ TE μn δοξάσειν τὸν σοφόν τουτέστι ψευδεῖ μὴ συγκαταθήσεσθαι μηδενί. He alone possesses true knowledge. cf. on opinione § 78.

xxx. 62. auctoribus] the ablative of the means, as the person stands for the thing implied, here for the auctoritas of his teachers. Madv.

§ 254 obs. 3. cf. pro Mil. § 47,

=

iacent suis testibus his testimoniis just above, Ar. Rhet. I. xv. 21, ὁποῖοι γὰρ ἄν τινες ὦσιν οἱ ἐπιγεγραμμένοι ἢ φυλάττοντες, τούτοις αἱ συν θῆκαι πισταί εἰσιν.

arripuit] eagerly caught up, i. e., he was over-hasty. cf. § 13, Cat. mai. § 26, Corn. Nepos. Cato iii. 2. So inductus with glance at sense of misled,' 'taken in.'

disputandi] 'theorizing.' vivendi, for a rule of life.

ut magna pars] cf. the remarks on Helvidius Priscus, Tac. H. IV. 5. petunt etc.] here a number of cases are put, in which the Stoic

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aliquid publicani: cave quidquam habeat momenti gratia.' supplices aliqui veniunt miseri et calamitosi: sceleratus et nefarius fueris, si quidquam misericordia adductus feceris.' fatetur aliquis se peccasse et eius delicti veniam petit: nefarium est facinus ignoscere.' at leve delictum est: 'omnia peccata sunt paria.' dixisti quippiam fixum et statutum est.' non re ductus es, sed opinione: sapiens nihil opinatur." errasti aliqua in re maledici putat. hac ex disciplina nobis illa sunt: 'dixi in senatu me nomen consularis candidati delaturum.' iratus dixisti. numquam' inquit sapiens irascitur.' at temporis causa. 'improbi' inquit hominis est mendacio fallere, mutare sententiam turpe est, exorari scelus, misereri flagitium.' nostri autem illi-fatebor enim, Cato, me 63 quoque in adulescentia diffisum ingenio meo quaesisse adiumenta doctrinae―, nostri, inquam, illi a Platone et Aristotele, moderati homines et temperati, aiunt apud sapientem valere aliquando gratiam: viri boni esse misereri, distincta genera

rules break down. The conversational form of parallel sentences is employed to throw into stronger relief the inapplicability of each dog

ma.

cf. Madv. § 442 a obs. 2. the reply in each case is delivered in the character of Cato.

publicani] When they had tendered too high a price for the revenues, they sometimes petitioned the senate for a remissio mercedum or ut induceretur locatio. A case occurred in B.C. 61, and Cato acted just as Cicero describes here. cf. de Off. III. § 88, ad Att. 1. 17. 9, 18. 7, Suet. Jul. 20.

supplices] in suppliant guise,' for aliqui (adj.) goes with miseri et calamitosi (subst.). H. Some provincials are probably meant.

at] 'why,' you urge, 'it is but an insignificant short-coming.'

dixisti quippiam] 'you have dropped some casual remark, perhaps.' But see Appendix C.

opinione] cf. Acad. pr. 11. § 66, and note inf. § 78.

nobis] dat. ethicus. cf. §§ 13, 21, 74. 'It is to this Stoic training that

we owe such arguments as.' dixi, I said, and fixum et statutum est.

temporis causa] either dixisti, 'you said it to serve the turn of the moment,' or with H. ne nomen detuleris, 'do not do it just now, at such a crisis.'

63. nostri illi] sc. magistri. Cicero's teachers, particularly Antiochus of Askalon, a free adherent of the New Academy.

diffisum] not diffidentem. cf. Madv. § 431 b.

adiumenta] the support that education gives. doctrinae, very like the studia humanitatis of § 61 in sense. For genitive cf. on §§ 1, 56.

a Platone] imitating the Gk. oi άπò IIλáтwvos etc., usually with esse, as de Fin. IV. § 7, Zeno et ab eo qui sunt. T.

Plato founder of the Academic school, Aristotle of the Peripatetic. moderati et temperati] of no violent or extreme views.

et] and hence there is a corresponding difference in [the appropriate] punishments.

esse delictorum et dispares poenas, esse apud hominem constantem ignoscendi locum, ipsum sapientem saepe aliquid opinari [quod nesciat], irasci nonnumquam, exorari eundem et placari, quod dixerit interdum, si ita rectius sit, mutare, de sententia decedere aliquando: omnes virtutes mediocritate 64 quadam esse moderatas. XXXI. hos ad magistros si qua te fortuna, Cato, cum ista natura detulisset, non tu quidem vir melior esses nec fortior nec temperatior nec iustior-neque enim esse potes-, sed paulo ad lenitatem propensior. non. accusares nullis adductus inimicitiis, nulla lacessitus iniuria, pudentissimum hominem, summa dignitate atque honestate praeditum; putares, cum in eiusdem anni custodia te atque L. Murenam fortuna posuisset, aliquo te cum hoc rei publicae vinculo esse coniunctum : quod atrociter in senatu dixisti, aut non dixisses aut seposuisses aut mitiorem in partem interpretarere. 65 ac te ipsum, quantum ego opinione auguror, nunc et animi quodam impetu concitatum et vi naturae atque ingenii elatum et recentibus praeceptorum studiis flagrantem iam usus flectet,

quod_nesciat]=quod non certum sciat. T. well cf. the equally remarkable ad Att. XII. 23. 2, de Oropo opinor sed certum nescio.

mediocritate] Plato's μerpiórns, Aristotle's μeσóтηs. cf. Ar. Eth. ΙΙ. 6. 13, μεσότης τις ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ἀρετή, στοχαστική γε οὖσα τοῦ μέσου, e.g. true bravery is the mean, rashness and cowardice being the extremes between which it lies. Also Cic. de Off. I. § 89.

quadam] as often, apologetic. Here he has just used mediocritas in a restricted sense as a translation of μeoórns. So ut ita dicam. cf. de Fin. II. § II.

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moderatas] are ruled, tempered. esse, are seen to be,' i. e. by the eye of the Philosopher.

xxxi. 64. detulisset] cf. de Off. I. § 47, maior enim pars eo fere deferri solet quo a natura ipsa deducitur. For natura cf. § 79.

tu quidem] cf. Madv. § 489 b. temperatior] more self-controlled, σωφρονέστερος.

inimicitiis] cf. § 56.

pudentissimum] so in § 30 pudor sense of honour.'

custodia] as tribune. cf. § 58. seposuisses] would have set it aside. cf. Ov. Met. III. 318, where Jove is said curas seposuisse graves.

65. auguror] so de Or. I. § 95, quantum auguror coniectura.

impetu] 'rush.' Alluding to his hastiness, cf. § 62.

concitatum] 'roused,' 'over-excited.' cf. pro Flacco § 17, non concitatae contionis, sed iurati senatus. It implies a state of semiinsanity in some passages. With de Divin. II. § 27, concitatione mentis edi et quasi fundi videbatur compare Macbeth II. i. 39, 'proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain.'

flagrantem] cf. Cat. mai. § 50, his studiis flagrantes. recentibus. Cato was now 32.

iam] 'presently.' cf. pro Caelio § 77, iam ista deferbuerint, iam aetas omnia, iam dies mitigarit.

dies leniet, aetas mitigabit. etenim isti ipsi mihi videntur vestri praeceptores et virtutis magistri fines officiorum paulo longius, quam natura vellet, protulisse, ut, cum ad ultimum animo contendissemus, ibi tamen, ubi oporteret, consisteremus. 'nihil ignoveris:' immo aliquid, non omnia. nihil omnino gratiae concesseris-immo insistito, cum officium et fides postulabit. 'misericordia commotus ne sis': etiam, in dissolvenda severitate; sed tamen est laus aliqua humanitatis. 'in sententia permaneto': vero, nisi sententiam sententia alia vicerit melior. huiusce modi Scipio ille fuit, quem non paenite- 66 bat facere idem, quod tu habere eruditissimum hominem Panaetium domi, cuius oratione et praeceptis, quamquam erant eadem ista, quae te delectant, tamen asperior non est factus, sed, ut accepi a senibus, lenissimus.

isti ipsi] i.e. your very teachers need teaching. The sense of the passage is, they have set up an ideal beyond the reach of human frailty, and not without a reason: we must fall short of it, but then, if we aim high and fail, we still may do our duty.' natura] cf. § 60, quam veritas aut natura patitur.

ad ultimum] to the furthest limit, i. e. to the highest perfection.

ignoveris] Madv. § 386. Here Cicero puts limitations to some of the extreme doctrines noticed above. concesseris] so Z. from MS. Lag. 9. insistito] 'stop,' or as we say 'draw the line.' The strong imperatives are here used with mock-solemnity, like a statute. cf. Hor. Sat. II. 1. 8, 9. fides] 'honesty,' as in § 30.

etiam] a strong affirmative. cf. Acad. pr. II. § 104, aut etiam' aut 'non' respondere possit, de Nat. D. I. § 70, in omnibus diiunctionibus in quibus aut etiam aut non' poneretur, pro Rosc. Com. § 9 si non..., si etiam, Plin. Epp. VI. 2. 8, at quaedam supervacua dicuntur. etiam, sed satius est et haec dici quam non dici

necessaria.

dissolvenda] 'relaxing.' cf. de Off. III. § 113, fraus astringit, non dissolvit periurium.

quis vero C.

severitate Z. cf. de Off. 1. § SS, et tamen ita probanda est mansuetudo atque clementia, ut adhibeatur reipublicae causa severitas, sine qua administrari civitas non potest. The word='strictness,' firmness.'

humanitatis] here 'feelings,' almost 'sympathy.'

vero] a strong affirmative, cf. Tusc. D. II. § 26, vero ac libenter quidem. In § 45 it was used to add force in the last member of a climax.

melior] purposely put at the end like an after-thought, as Freund well remarks.

66. Scipio] the younger Africanus, § 58. He was murdered in

129 B. C. non paenitebat=delectabat.

quod tu] Cato had with great difficulty induced the aged Stoic Athenodorus Kordylion to come with him from Pergamus to Rome and 'dwell in his house, Plut. Cat. min. 10, 16, cf. also 4.

Panaetium] a famous Stoic from Rhodes. His intimacy with Scipio and Laelius is often mentioned by Cicero, e.g. de Fin. IV. § 23, de Rep. I. § 24. Also by Velleius I. 13. 3. His work περὶ καθήκοντος was followed by Cicero in the de Officiis.

accepil Cicero was born in B.C. 1c6.
lenissimus] sc. erat, which has

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Laelio comior? quis iucundior, eodem ex studio isto? quis illo gravior, sapientior? possum de L. Philo, de C. Gallo dicere haec eadem, sed te domum iam deducam tuam. quemquamne existimas Catone proavo tuo commodiorem, communiorem, moderatiorem fuisse ad omnem rationem humanitatis? de cuius praestanti virtute cum vere graviterque diceres, domesticum te habere dixisti exemplum ad imitandum. est illud quidem exemplum tibi propositum domi, sed tamen naturae similitudo illius ad te magis, qui ab illo ortus es, quam ad unum quemque nostrum pervenire potuit, ad imitandum vero tam mihi propositum exemplar illud est quam tibi. sed si illius comitatem et facilitatem tuae gravitati severitatique asperseris, non ista quidem erunt meliora, quae nunc sunt optima, sed certe condita iucundius.

XXXII. quare ut ad id, quod institui, revertar, tolle mihi e causa nomen Catonis, remove auctoritatem, quae in iudiciis

perhaps dropped out. Cicero cannot mean that Stoicism rendered him very gentle; rather, in spite of his Stoic training he retained his gentleness. H. This I doubt. We know that Panaetius modified the harsh doctrines of the Stoics to a considerable extent, de Fin. IV. § 79, and thus caused them to spread widely and take deep root at Rome.

C. Laelio] praetor B.C. 145, consul 140. He had the nickname Sapiens, was the bosom friend of the younger Scipio Africanus, Hor. Sat. II. I. 72 virtus Scipiadae et mitis sapientia Laeli, and is taken by Cicero as a typical 'crony' to form the chief character in the dialogue on Friendship which bears his name. He did much to introduce Greek learning into Rome and was intimate with the Stoics Panaetius and Diogenes of Babylon. With this passage generally cf. de Or. 11. § 154, de Rep. III. § 5.

eodem ex studio] so § 75. 'Of the same school.'

L. Furius Philus] consul B.C. 136.
C. Sulp, Gallus] consul B.C. 166.

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asperseris] metaphor from cookery. cf. Orator § 87, huic generi orationis aspergentur etiam sales, pro Cluent. § 71, Guttam aspergit huic Bulbo.

ista] your peculiarities. quidem. Madv. § 489 b.

condita] so Cat. mai. § 10, comitate condita gravitas. 'Seasoned.'

xxxii. 67. nomen Catonis] 'the name Cato.' cf. § 13 nomen volup tatis, Phil. VIII. § 2, belli nomen. Madv. § 286.

mihi] dat. eth. cf. §§ 13, 21, etc.

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