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5. yā, yǎ, yä, ya, yâr, yȧn; yẽ, yě, yêr;

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ōch; ich, ich;

chả,

ith, ĭth; ōth, oth,

chân, chạ, chă. Ŏsh; ish, ish; sha, shă, shä. who; whĩ, whĩ;

ouch; ụch, ūch, uch; ŏch, och, erch, ếch, ếch; chảf, chā, oush; ush, ush, ush; ōsh, osh, sher, she, shě; shan, shâr, sha, whou; whủ, whụ, whũ; whō, whọ, whẽr, whě, whe; whȧs, whâr, whä, whă, whã, whạ.

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VI.

ERRORS IN ARTICULATION.

RRORS in Articulation arise, first, from the omission of one or more elements in a word; as,

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Secondly, from uttering one or more elements that

should not be sounded; as,

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IN

ANALYSIS OF WORDS.

N order to secure a practical knowledge of the preceding definitions and tables, to learn to spell spoken words by their oral elements, and to understand the

uses of letters in written words, the instructor will require the student to måster the following exhaustive, though simple analysis.

ANALYSIS.-1st. The word SALVE, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of three oral elements; sävsalve. [Here let the student utter the three oral elements separately, and then pronounce the word.] The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The third is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic.

2d. The word SALVE, in writing, is represented by the letters; salve-salve. S represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the first oral element of z; hence, it is a cognate of z. A represents a tonic; hence, it is a vowel. L is silent. V represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. oral element is chiefly formed by the lower lip and the upper teeth; hence, it is a labio-dental. Its oral element is formed by the same organs and in a similar manner as that off; hence, it is a cognate off. E is silent.

Its

ANALYSIS.-1st. The word SHOE, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of two oral elements; sho-shoe. The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic.

2d. The word SHOE, in writing, is represented by the letters, shoe-shoe. The combination sh represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the second oral element represented by z; hence, it is a cognate of 2. The combination oe is formed by the union of two vowels, one of which is silent; hence, it is an improper diphthong. It represents the oral element usually represented by o; hence, it is an alphabetic equivalent of o̟.

VIII.

RULES IN ARTICULATION.

AS the Name of a Letter, or when used as an emphatic word, should be pronounced ā (ã in age); as, She did not say that the three boys knew the letter ā, but that a boy knew it.

1

2. The Word A, when not emphatic, is marked short (ă),1 though in quality it should be pronounced nearly like a as heard in åsk, gråss; as,

Give ǎ baby sister à smile, ǎ kind word, and ǎ kiss.

3. The, when not emphatic nor immediately followed by a word that commences with a vowel sound, should be pronounced thŭ; as,

The (thů) peach, the (thů) plum, the apple, and the (thŭ) cherry are yours. Did he ask for a pen, or for the pen?

4. U Preceded by R.-When u long (u in tūbe), or its alphabetic equivalent ew, is preceded by r, or the sound of sh, in the same syllable, it has always the sound of o in do; as,

Are you sure that shrewd youth was rude?

5. R may be Trilled when immediately followed by a vowel sound in the same syllable. When thus situated in emphatic words, it should always be trilled; as, He is both brave and true. She said scratching, not scrawling.

IX.

EXERCISES IN ARTICULATION.

SILE

ILENT Letters are here omitted, and the words are spelled as they should be pronounced. Students will read the sentences several times, both separately and in concert, uttering all the oral elements with force and distinctness. They will also analyze the words

1 A initial.-A in many words, as an initial unaccented syllable, is also marked short (ă), its quantity

or volume of sound being less than that of a sixth power (å), as in ǎlås, ǎmåss, ǎbåft.

both as spoken and written, and name the rules in articulation that are illustrated by the exercises.

1. It must be sō.

2. Thŭ bōld băd bạiz brōk bōlts and bärz.

3. Thů rōgz rusht round thů růf red rõks.
4. Hi Ŏn ǎ hil Hū hẽrd harsěz harni hofs.
5. Shor al her päthz är päthz Ŏv pēs.

6. Bä! that'z not siks dŏllärz, but ā dŏllär. 7. Chärj the old măn tọ chọz ăn chạšs chẽ. 8. Līt sēking lit, hath lit Ŏv līt bēgild. 9. Both'z yoths with troths yūz wikěd ōthz. 10. Arm it with răgz, ǎ pigmĭ stra wil pērs it. 11. Nou set thŭ teth ănd strěch thŭ nostril wid. 12. He wŏcht ǎnd wept, he felt ånd prad far all. 13. Hiz iz ămidst thủ mists, mězherd ăn ăzhēr ski. 14. Thŭ whālz wheld and whẽrld, and bârd thâr brad, broun băks.

15. Jilz ǎnd Jasn Jōnz kăn not sã,-Arōrå, ǎlás, ǎmas, mănnå, villå, nar, Lūnȧ.

16. Thủ strif sẽsěth, pes approchěth, and thủ gụd măn rējaisěth.

17. Thủ shrod shroz băd him sẽ thặt thu vil viksnz yüzd shrugz, ǎnd shärp, shril shrēks.

18. Shorli, thō wọnděd, thŭ proděnt rēkrọt wụd not et that krod frot.

19. Amidst thů mists ånd kölděst frosts, with bârěst rists and stoutěst bōsts, he thrusts hiz fists ăgĕnst thŭ posts, and still insists hē sēz thủ gōsts.

20. A starm ănīzěth ăn thủ sẽ. A mŏděl věssěl iz struggling amidst thŭ war Ŏv ělěměnts, kwĭvẽring ånd shivering, shringking and battling lik ǎ thingking being.

21. Chast-id, cherisht Ches! Thů charmz Ŏv thi chekerd chamberz chan mẽ chanjlěsli. Far the är thŭ chǎplets Ŏv chanlès chărită ǎnd thu chălis Ŏv childlik chērfulněs. Chānj kăn nót chānj thể: from childhud to thủ chärnĕl-hous, from our ferst childish cherpingz tọ thủ chilz Ŏv thů cherch-yärd, thou art our chert cheftines.

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