have fought and defeated the innumerable armies of the Persians, and thereby rendered the name alone of Greeks for ever formidable. It is to their invincible valour we owe the honour we possess, of acknowledging no masters upon earth but the gods, nor any happiness but what consists with liberty. Those gods, the avengers of perjury, and witnesses of the enemy's treason; will be favourable to us; and as they are offended by the violation of treaties, and take pleasure in humbling the proud and exalting the humble, they will also follow us to battle, and combat for us. For the rest, fellow-soldiers, we have no refuge but in victory, which must be our hope, and will make us ample amends for wha tever it costs us to attain it. And I should think, if it were your opinion, that, for the making a more ready and less difficult retreat, it would be proper to rid ourselves of all the useless baggage, and to keep only what is absolutely necessary in our march » All the soldiers that moment lifted up their hands, to signify their approbation of what had been said, and without loss of time set fire to their tents and baggage; such of them as had too much equipage, giving it to others who had too little, and destroying the rest.

The van was led by Cherisophus the Spartan ge neral, and Xenophon, with Timasion, brought up the rear. They directed their march towards the

L

heads of the great rivers, in order to pass therm where they were fordable. But they had not advanced far, before they were overtaken by a party of the enemy's archers and slingers, commanded by Mithridates, which galled their rear, and woun ded several of them, who being heavy-armed, and without cavalry, could make no resistance. To prevent the like inconvenience, Xenophon furnished two hundred Rhodians with slings, and mounted fifty more of his men upon baggage horses; so that when Mithridates came up with them a second time, and with a much greater body, he was repulsed with loss, and the Greeks made good their retreat to the city of Larissa on the banks of the Tigris. From thence they marched to another desolate city, called Mepsila; and about four leagues from that place, Tissaphernes came up to them with his whole army, but after several skirmishes was obliged to retire. They afterwards met with some obstruction in passing an eminence which the enemy had seized, but from this they soon found means to dislodge them; and descended into the plain on the other side.

Their difficulties, however, seemed to multiply as they advanced; for they were now hemmed in on the one hand by the river Tigris, and on the other by almost impassable mountains, inhabited by the Carduci, a fierce and warlike people, who,

as Xenophon says, had, in these dangerous passes, entirely destroyed an army of an hundred and twenty thousand Persians. But as they had no boats to cross the river, and as the road through the mountains led into the rich plains of Armenia, they resolved to pursue their march that way. The Carduci soon took the alarm; but not being prepared to oppose the Greeks in a body, they possessed themselves of the tops of the rocks and mountains, and from thence annoyed them with darts and great stones, which they threw down upon them as they passed through the defiles, where they were likewise attacked by several other parties: and though their loss was not considerable, yet, what with storms and famine, beside seven days tedious march, and being continually forced to fight their way,, they underwent here much greater hardships than any they had hitherto suffered.

Not far from the foot of the mountain, they met with a fresh obstruction. The river Centrites, about two hundred feet in breadth, presented itself before them. Twice did they attempt to cross it; at first without success, on account of the depth of the water; but the second time they were more fortunate, and at length got to the other side.

They now proceeded with less interruption; passed the Tigris near its source, and arrived at the little river Teleboa, which is the boundary of the

Western Armenia. This province was governed by Tiribasus, a great favourite of the king, and who had the honour to help him to mount on horseback when at court. He offered to let the army pass, and to furnish the men with the necessary provisions, provided they abstained from all acts of hostility; and this proposal was accepted and ratîfied on both sides. Tiribasus, however, kept a flying' camp at a small distance from the army. There fell, at the same time, a great quantity of snow, which put the troops to some inconvenience; and✨ they learnt from a prisoner, that Tiribasus intended to attack them in a defile of the mountains through which they must necessarily pass. They took care, however, to prevent him, by seizing that post, after having routed the enemy. After some days march through the deserts, they passed the Euphrates near its head, not having the water above their middle.

They were afterwards incommoded by a north wind, which blew in their faces, and prevented respiration, so that it was thought necessary to săcrifice to the wind; upon which, we are told, it' began to abate. They proceeded through the snow five or six feet deep, which killed several servants and beasts of burden, besides thirty soldiers. They made fires in the night, for they found plenty of wood. All the next day they continued their march through the snow, when many of them, from long

fasting, followed with languor, or fainting, fell down upon the ground through weakness and want of spirits; but when something had been given them to eat, they found themselves relieved, and resumed their march.

After a march of seven days, they arrived at the river Araxes, otherwise called the Phasus, which is about one hundred feet in breadth. Two days after, they discovered the Phasians, the Chalybes, and the Taochians, who had seized the pass of the mountains, to prevent their descending into the plain. Xenophon, however, observed, that they defended only the ordinary passage; and by his advice, therefore, a pariy was sent to take possession of the heights which commanded that passage; by which means the enemy were soon dislodged and the road effectually cleared. Thus, after a mareh of twelve or fifteen days more, they arrived at a very high moutain, called Tecqua, from whence they descried the sea. The first who perceived it raised great shouts of joy for a considerable time, which made Xenophon imagine the vanguard was attacked, and he therefore advanced to support it with the utmost expedition. As he approached nearer, the cry of the sea! the sea! was distinctly heard, and the alarm changed into joy and exultation: and when they came to the top, nothing was heard but a confused noise of the whole army crying out together, the sea! the sea! whilst they could not re