RULE 4.- -The Parenthetical Dash.-Parenthet r.al expressions, when closely connected with the rest of the sentence, and yet less closely than would be indicated by commas, are inclosed in dashes; as, "There are times-they only can understand who have known them-when passion is dumb, and purest love maintains her own dominion."

It requires considerable judgment to decide when to use dashes, commas, marks of parenthesis, or the other points mentioned under Rule 1 for the Comma. No absolute rule can be laid down on the subject.

When marks of parenthesis have been used to inclose an expression which itself contains a parenthesis, dashes should be used to mark the included parenthesis; thus,—

"Sir Smug," he cried, (for lowest at the board-
Just made fifth chaplain of his patron lord :
His shoulders witnessing, by many a shrug,
How much his feelings suffered-sat Sir Smug,)

"Your office is to winnow false from true:

Come, prophet, drink, and tell us what think you."

RULE 5.-Omissions.-A dash is used to note the omissions of letters or figures; as,

Luke 14: 3-6..........Luke 14: 3, 4, 5, 6.

An ellipsis of the words namely, that is, etc., is generally marked by a dash; as, "The essence of all poetry may be said to consist in three things,-invention, expression, inspiration."

RULE 6.-Dependent Expressions.-A series of expressions, depending upon a subsequent part of a sentence, should be followed by a dash at the end of the series "The collision of mind with mind; the tug

; as,

and strain of intellectual wrestling; the tension of every mental fibre, as the student reaches forth to take hold of the topmost pinnacle of thought,-these make men."

RULE 7.-Headings and Authorities.-A dash should be inserted between a title run in the line and the subject-matter, as in this rule; and also between the citation and the authority for it; as,

"No character is perfect among nations, more than among men."-EDWARD EVERETT.

When the name of the author is not in the same paragraph, but on a line by itself, no dash is needed, as,

"No character is perfect among nations, more than among men; but it must be conceded, that, of all the states of Europe, England has been, from an early period, the most favored abode of liberty; the only part of Europe, where, for any length of time, constitutional liberty can be said to have a stable existence." EDWARD EVERETT.

When, to save space, questions and answers are put in the same paragraph, they should be separated by dashes; as, Are you attentive to this matter?-Yes, sir.-Do you enjoy your labor upon it?—I do.

4. Rule for the Parenthesis,

Marks of Parenthesis [()] are used to separate expressions inserted in the body of a sentence, but having no essential connection with it.

The word Parenthesis (from the Greek wapέvůɛois, parénthesis, insertion) means properly the part inserted. The same word is used to signify the marks which inclose the inserted expression. It is thought more precise to call the curved lines merks of parenthesis, in order to avoid confusion. But, as the words Comma, Colon, etc., signify both the part pointed off and the point itself, either way of speaking is justified by analogy.

RULE.-Expressions which break the unity of a sentence should be inclosed by marks of parenthesis; as, "The doctrine of the immortality of the soul was taught explicitly (at least as explicitly as could be expected of an ancient philosopher) by Socrates."

When no other mark would be required if there were no parenthesis, none should be used with the marks of parenthesis. But if other marks would be used, they should precede or follow the marks of parenthesis, according to the character of the parenthetical expression. When the words in parenthesis have a point of their own after them, the point which would be used if there were no parenthesis is placed before the parenthesis, and the point belonging to the parenthesis is placed before the last mark of parenthesis; as, "While the Christian desires the approbation of his fellow men, (and why should he not desire it?) he disdains to receive their good will by dishonorable means." When any point is necessary at the place where the parenthesis is thrown in, and no point is required in the parenthesis, the point should come after the parenthesis; as, Pride in some disguise or other (often a secret to the proud man himself), is the most ordinary spring of action among men."

66

In the reports of speeches, marks of parenthesis are used (1) to inclose remarks of approval or disapproval by the audience, and (2) to inclose the name of the persons indicated by gestures or otherwise; as, "I wish to ask the gentleman from Ohio (Mr. Thurman) a question which he may not wish to answer in this place (hear, hear).”

Marks of parenthesis are also used to enclose numerals introduced for the sake of a clear enumeration, as in the above paragraph. Queries and doubts are also interpolated in the midst of a sentence in a similar manner; as, "In 1814 (?) Napoleon called himself King (sic!) of the French." Here the interrogation after 1814 suggests a doubt of the correctness of the date, and "sic" (the Latin for thus), followed by the question mark, suggests the query whether the title was King" or something else, as Emperor.

5. Rules for the Quotation.

The Marks of Quotation [""] are used to show that the words inclosed by them are borrowed.

Punctuation and morality come into contact here; and the laws of both very nearly coincide at this point. To omit the marks of quotation is plagiarism, and plagiarism is a crime. In a composition which is prepared for public delivery mere marks on the manuscript are not sufficient. Distinct acknowledgment should be made in words. Long quotations are objectionable, because they imply a want of originality. If brief and appropriate, quotations add to the richness and interest of a composition.

RULE 1.-Direct Quotations.-A direct quotation should be inclosed by quotation marks; as, When Plato heard that his enemies called him a bad man, he said: "I shall take care so to live that no one will believe them.'

A direct quotation is one in which the exact language is reported. When the form of expression is slightly altered, only one inverted comma and one apostrophe are used; as, ‘I shall try to live so that no one will believe my calumniators.' When we make no pretension to use the exact language, but give merely the substance in our own words, the marks of quotation are unnecessary; as, It was Plato's desire to live down the misrepresentations of his enemies.

RULE 2.-Quoted Quotations.-When a quotation is embraced within another, the contained quotation has only single marks; as, Trench says, "What a lesson the word diligence' contains."

When the internal quotation comes at the end, three apostrophes are added with a space between the first and the last two; as, “Channing, the friend of humanity in every condition and under every garb, says: When I consider the greater sim

6

plicity of their lives, and their greater openness to the spirit of Christianity, I am not sure but that the "golden age" of manners is to begin among those who are now despaired of for their want of refinement.'' The pointing of a quotation within &

quoted quotation is also shown in the above example.

When a number of consecutive paragraphs are quoted, each paragraph is commenced with inverted commas; but only the last takes the apostrophes.

SECTION III.

PRINTERS' MARKS.

The most important marks which have not been already mentioned are here grouped together, for convenience, in alphabetical order. This section may be learned, or used for reference, as the teacher may prefer.

1. Accents.-Three marks, called Accents, are used to mark the stress of voice on vowels. The Acute ['], denotes a rising tone of voice, or sometimes a simple stress; the Grave [`], a falling tone, or that the final vowel over which it is placed, as in French words and words ending in èd, is sounded; the Circumflex [], that the vowel over which it is placed is sounded with both a rising and a falling tone, as the prolonged ôh uttered in

sarcasm.

2. The Apostrophe.-The Apostrophe ['] is used (1) to mark the possessive case, and (2) to denote an omission; as, 'Night's sable mantle fell." "I've made a time o' it." Plurals and words containing many sibilants take the apostrophe without any 8, to form the possessive; as, "The Ages' voice speaks everlasting truth." "Moses' ceremonial law."

science' sake."

Con

3. Braces. These are used to show that a number of indi. vid ials are taken together as referring to something common