of eight thousand volumes. It is managed by a board of trustees, of whom Bishop William Bacon Stevens is president, and a board of overseers, of whom Bishop Alfred Lee is president. The faculty comprises Rev. Daniel R. Goodwin, D.D., dean; Rev. G. Emlen Hare, Rev. Clement M, Butler, Rev. Watson M. Smith, and Rev. George Z. Dubois. Another useful institution of this denomination which has long maintained a high character is the Academy of the Protestant Episcopal Church. This institution was founded in the year 1785, under the auspices of Bishop William White, Rev. Samuel Magaw, Rev. Robert Blackwell, Robert Morris, Thomas Willing, Edward Shippen, Richard Peters, and other gentlemen of prominence in the Episcopal Church of Philadelphia. The first master of the school was Rev. Dr. John Andrews. In 1787 a charter was granted to the institution by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, and the academy continued its work under various forms until the year 1846, when it was determined to effect a reorganization on a broader basis. Bishop Potter, Horace Binney, and John Welsh were particularly active in introducing improvements. Chief among these was the erection of a building at Juniper and Locust Streets in the year 1849, and the procuring of the services of Rev. George Emlen Hare as head master, who remained with the school until 1857, when he resigned. The building, which was enlarged in 1861 and 1868, is admirably fitted up for its purposes, containing a chapel, laboratory, lecture-room, gymnasium, etc. A considerable portion of the revenue of the academy is applied to the education, free of charge, of such youths as give promise of merit. About one hundred and seventy-five pupils are in attendance. The management of its affairs is in the hands of a board, presided over by Bishop Stevens, and of which George W. Hunter is secretary and treasurer. The head master of the school is the Rev. James W. Robbins, D.D. The Theological Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church occupies a plain brick building on Franklin Street, above Race, and has been noted for the high character of its instruction to the young men who are preparing for the ministry of that church. The president of the board of trustees is the Rev. J. A. Seiss, D.D.; Vice-President, Rev. J. H. Baden; Secretaries, Rev. B. M. Schmucker, D.D., and Rev. Th. Pfatteicher. The most prominent members of the faculty are the Rev. Drs. C. W. Schaeffer, W. J. Mann, A. Spaeth, and H. E. Jacobs. year 1837, upon a bequest made by Richard Humphreys for the "education of colored youth in school learning, in order to prepare and fit and qualify them to act as teachers," and has done much excellent work under the management of a corporation composed exclusively of members of the society. Of this society Joel Cadbury is the president, Thomas Scattergood treasurer, and Thomas P. Coe secretary. Many of the most useful and intelligent members of the colored race in Philadelphia have been graduated from this school. The commodious building which it occupies on the north side of Bainbridge Street, west of Ninth, was erected in 1866 at a cost of forty thousand dollars, and will accommodate three hundred pupils. The members of the Society of Friends also conduct schools at the present time for white children, the principal of which are at Fifteenth and Race Streets, Fourth and Green Streets, and Seventeenth Street and Girard Avenue, and all of which are held in high esteem for the excellence of their methods. The Aimwell School Association, on Cherry Street above Ninth, of which Rebecca B. Boem is the principal, has a long history of quiet usefulness. The Philadelphia Friends also manage two colleges outside of the city which are widely known, the Swarthmore College and the Haverford College, both in Delaware County. The Polytechnic College of the State of Pennsylvania was founded about the year 1853, and provides a training for young men in the practical arts, such as civil engineering, mining, chemistry, applied geology, etc. Its faculty, which is presided over by Dr. Alfred L. Kennedy, comprises Furman Sheppard, L. G. Shrackee, W. D. Young, William T. Witte, William B. Walker, J. J. Osmond, and J. P. Wetherell. Ogontz Seminary for Young Ladies is under the management of Miss Mary L. Bonney and Harriette A. Dillaye, with Miss Frances E. Bennett and Sylvia J. Eastman as assistants. It is an English, French, and German boarding and day-school for young ladies, and is one of the best in the country. This school was formerly known as the Chestnut Street Seminary of Philadelphia, and was founded in 1850 by Miss Bonney and Miss Dillaye. During his first great prosperity, Jay Cooke built at Chelton Hills, eight miles from the heart of Philadelphia, on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, one of the finest private residences in the world, expending upon the house and grounds more than a million of dollars. Here he entertained, in princely style, distinguished visitors from his own and from foreign lands, and his magnificent home and hospitality became widely known. The place was named Ogontz, after an Indian chief who was a friend of Mr. Cooke's in his childhood and youth at Sandusky, Ohio. This chief, it is said, often visited his father's house, and, while there, amused the children by performing InThe Institute for Colored Youth was founded in the dian feats, carrying them on his back, and telling The Hebrews of Philadelphia maintain an Education Society which devotes itself chiefly to the instruction of the poor members of that sect. The officers of the society are I. Rossham, president, and D. Sulzberger, secretary. Three free schools, one located at Seventh and Wood Streets, another at Fourth and Pine, and another in the Richmond district, are kept up by this society. them stories. His name is still preserved in various ways in the city of Sandusky, where Jay Cooke was born. When building this magnificent house, he determined to preserve the name of his friend in childhood, and hence called it Ogontz. The mansion was first occupied in December, 1865. The panic of 1873 temporarily swept away Mr. Cooke's fortune, and for a time the Ogontz property passed from his control, but in 1881 he recovered his fortune, including the Chelton Hill estate of one hundred and forty acres, on which the Ogontz mansion stands. In the mean time, the uses for which the house was built having passed away, Mr. Cooke, in 1883, leased it at a nominal rent for a long term of years to the ladies named for a young ladies' school. egress in all directions. The principal hall is seventeen feet wide and eighty feet long, extending back into a conservatory forty feet square. This is stocked with plants of finest growth, surrounding an ornamented fountain. Farther on is another fountain, and still beyond, the natatorium. The main hall presents on the one side a spacious drawing-room, seventy feet in length; on the other, library and reception-rooms. All the windows are of the finest plate-glass, and the frescoing is in the latest and highest style of art. The principal staircase, of solid walnut, is majestic, and presents at the head of the first flight the bronze face of Ogontz, the Indian chief, and the friend of Mr. Cooke in his boyhood. The conservatories and greenhouses on the grounds Ogontz stands on a knoll, commanding a view of forty acres of landscape-gardening, which are connected with the house. This spot Mr. Cooke selected from his farm of one hundred and forty acres, as being the most desirable for a residence. The building is a five-story mica granite, of the Norman Gothic order of architecture. Its air of substantiality and refinement strikes a beholder at the first glance, and reminds one of the aristocratic country-seats of England. It is a building of the most ample dimensions, having in the neighborhood of one hundred rooms of comfortable size. Seventy-five guests have been entertained there at one time. The building is fire-proof, being constructed of granite and iron, numerous stairways furnishing were at the time they were constructed the largest in the country. There is also a gas-house, constructed of granite, six hot-houses and graperies, a mushroomhouse, potting-house, and a lodge-house at each gate on the main entrances. There are a number of other buildings, such as a farm-house, barn, ice-house, and a frame school-house. A beautiful stream of water courses through the entire place. The lawns are lighted by gas supplied on the grounds. The drives are all macadamized, both in the grounds and leading to Chelton Hill Station. Among the other educational establishments in Philadelphia which bear a high reputation are the Broad Street Academy, of which Edward Roth has long been the principal; Courtland Saunders' College, in West Philadelphia; the Bryant & Stratton Business College; Crittenden's Commercial College; the National School of Elocution and Oratory, founded by the late Professor John W. Shoemaker, and now presided over by Dr. Edward Brooks; Pierce's College of Business; the Rugby Academy for Boys; the Rittenhouse Academy; the Lauderbach Academy; the Chegaray Institute; and Few Smith's Classical and Mathematical School. CHAPTER XLVIII. THE PRESS OF PHILADELPHIA. THE history of the newspaper press of Philadelphia begins with the first issue of the American Weekly Mercury, on Dec. 22, 1719, the third journal published in the colonies; and during all the one hundred and sixty-five years that bridge the interval of time between that date and our own epoch the journalists of this city have bravely and intelligently engaged in the interpretation and solution of all the leading questions that have affected either the national or the local welfare. In the building of the nation, the commonwealth and city, in the formation and application of political policies, in the inception and execution of public enterprises, in the culture of art and literature, in strangling mischievous tendencies, and in nurturing popular morals, there has been no movement in which the newspapers have not been vigorous, aggressive, and determining factors. Glancing back over the long list of dead and gone Philadelphia editors, we are confronted by the names of men of the most brilliant mental gifts, the highest professional equipment, and the most positive convictions upon contemporary issues in government or society. Moreover, as journalism broadened its scope and elevated its aims they were never laggards in the march of progress. Technical improvements found ready adoption with them, and no matter what year may be selected for comparison, we shall find the Philadelphia papers abreast of, and in some respects taking precedence of, the press of any other American city. These general truths of history apply to the present perhaps even in a larger degree than to the past. To-day the journals of Philadelphia are surpassed nowhere in any of the qualities that conduce to the influence, the dignity, and the value of the newspaper press. Whether in the departments of enterprise and liberality in gathering news, in luminous and fearless editorial criticism, or in typographic excellence they are the equals of any kindred publications in the world. It is strictly correct to say that to them Philadelphia is a debtor for much of its past advancement and present greatness. The forerunner of all the illustrious journalists of Philadelphia was Andrew Bradford, who, as noticed, issued in this city, on Dec. 22, 1719, the initial number of the American Weekly Mercury. The first paper to be published in the colonies was the Boston News Letter, the earliest number of which bore date of April 24, 1704. Next came the Boston Gazette, of Dec. 21, 1719, so that it will be seen that if Bradford had not been delayed two days, Philadelphia would have had the honor of issuing the second newspaper in America. The claim, however, that it issued the third is not disputable, and carries with it the other facts that it was the second city on the continent and the first in the middle colonies to publish a new periodical. It is also entitled to the broader and more emphatic distinction of having furnished the first daily newspaper on the Western hemisphere. This was the American Daily Advertiser, established Dec. 21, 1784, by Dunlap & Claypoole, as an offshoot of the Pennsylvania Packet, founded in November, 1771, by John Dunlap. This journal was subsequently published by Zachariah Poulson as Poulson's Advertiser, and in December, 1839, it was merged into the North American. In Philadelphia, also, was established the pioneer commercial or trade journal.1 The first religious weekly newspaper in America was likewise an outgrowth of Philadelphia enterprise. The original publication of this character was the Religious Remembrancer, first issued Sept. 4, 1813, and published by John Welwood Scott, at No. 81 South Second Street.2 Philadelphia also led the way in the sphere of cheap journalism. Hudson, in his "Journalism in the United States," vouchsafes the following statement: "The penny press of America dates from 1833. . . . The Morning Post (of New York) was the first penny paper of any pretensions in the United States. It was started on New Year's day, 1833." The author is frank enough to admit, however, that "there were small 1 Through palpable oversight, Hudson's "Journalism in the United States" makes the following erroneous statement: "The Boston Prices Current and Marine Intelligencer, Commercial and Mercantile, the publication of which was begun on the 5th of September, 1795, was the first regular and legitimate commercial paper issued in this country." As a matter of fact, a journal of a similar character was established in Philadelphia twelve years prior to this date. In June, 1783, John Macpher son issued the first number of the Price-Current, published every fifteen days, in which were "contained the prices of merchandise, duties on importations and exportations, regulated by John Macpherson, broker, with the assistance of twenty eminent merchants, factors, and others; likewise the course of exchange, the premiums of insurance to and from the most considerable places of trade," etc. 2 Hudson also practically ignores Philadelphia in this phase of journalism, maintaining that the Recorder, founded in 1814, at Chillicothe, Ohio, was the first religious newspaper published in America. If, as has been asserted, a periodical to be a newspaper must be a folio, surely many of the leading ecclesiastical journals of the present day are not, as they are claimed to be, religious newspapers. Such a proposition is, however, simply an absurdity, and the Religious Remembrancer was none the less a religious newspaper from the fact that it was a quarto in form. That its scope was a broad one is observed from the fact that its publisher announced in its columns that its contents comprised "biographical sketches, theological essays, accounts of revivals of religion, missionary information, together with a great variety of other articles of an evangelical and ecclesiastical nature." and cheap papers published in Boston and Philadelphia before and about that time. The Bostonian was one, the Cent, in Philadelphia, was another. The latter was issued by Christopher C. Cornwell in 1830. These and all similar adventures were not permanent." It is true that the Cent was not a permanent institution. Nor, for that matter, was the New York Morning Post, for Hudson himself candidly admits that "after the expiration of twenty-one days from the issue of the first number the Morning Post ceased to exist." While both publications were comparatively ephemeral, yet, as, according to Hudson's own admission, the Cent was issued in 1830, and the Morning Post was published in 1833, the latter surely was not "the first penny paper of any pretensions in the United States." The credit of furnishing the first daily newspaper published for one cent undoubtedly belongs to Philadelphia. The Cent had its inception in 1830, the publisher being Dr. Christopher Columbus Conwell, not Cornwell, as the author of "Journalism in the United States" has it,—and the office of publication was in Second Street, below Dock. Dr. Conwell died in the summer of 1832. sylvania is concerned, began with Bradford's paper, the American Weekly Mercury. Five years later, on Dec. 24, 1728, was established the second newspaper in the colony, the Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences and Pennsylvania Gazette, by Samuel Keimer, that eccentric individual, the pedantry of whose character is indicated by the pedantry embodied in the title of his ambitious journal. Fortunately, however, within a year the Universal Instructor passed into the hands of Franklin & Meredith, its title became the Pennsylvania Gazette simply, and a career of great usefulness and prosperity was inaugurated. The impress of Franklin's individuality upon contemporary thought and action permits of no skepticism as to his pre-eminence in the possession of the genuine journalistic instinct. The third Philadelphia newspaper in the English language was The Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser, established in 1742 by William Bradford, nephew of Andrew Bradford, of the Mercury. No other weekly newspaper in this language was published until 1767, when The Pennsylvania Chronicle and Universal Advertiser was first issued by William Goddard. The era was one prolific of German periodicals, those being the days of Christopher Saur, of Joseph Crellius, and of Henry Miller,-names which should be held in great respect by every one interested in the development of journalism and typography in this city. This was an epoch which was also especially rich, speaking comparatively, in magazine literature, no less than four such periodicals, besides three or more in German, having been established, namely: The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle (1741), by Benjamin Franklin; the American Magazine, or a Monthly View of the British Colonies (1741), by John Webb; The Amer In other phases of periodical literature besides news journalism Philadelphia has set the example. In January, 1741, Benjamin Franklin began here the publication of the first magazine established in America. It was entitled the General Magazine and Historical Chronicle "for all the British Plantations in America." In the same year another magazine had its inception in Philadelphia, entitled the American Magazine, or a Monthly View of the British Colonies, the publisher being John Webbe. Five years later, or in February, 1746, Christopher Saur, of Germantown, began the publication of the first religious magazine issued in America, namely, Ein Schall und Geganschall | ican Magazine and Monthly Chronicle (1757), by Wilder Wahrheit, und des Gesundten Verstandes Christliebender Seelen in Diesam Americanischer land theil. It would be an impracticable task to attempt to catalogue all the numerous instances in which Philadelphia ingenuity and capital have opened up original enterprises and inaugurated new departures in the realm of journalism. "The details of history, in truth," as Sainte Beuve has said, "can only be gathered from a study of the immense and varied surface which the literature of newspapers presents." Therefore, it is but natural that as the "clever town, built by Quakers," bounded by Vine and South Streets and by the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, has become a vast city of one hundred and twenty-nine square miles, and as the handful of villagers of 1719 has grown to a population of nine hundred thousand, so the newspaper press of 1719, represented by the American Weekly Mercury, printed on a half-sheet of pot-size, has expanded to its existing proportions, there being at the present time two hundred and fifty periodical publications, from the daily to the quarterly, issued in Philadelphia. The colonial press, so far as the province of Penn liam Bradford; and The American Magazine (1769), by Lewis Nicola. The colonial press was quite conservative, but with the dawning of the Revolution it was obliged to assume a decisive tone in dealing with the pressing questions of national independence. Two of the colonial newspapers, the Pennsylvania Gazette and the Pennsylvania Journal, were carried into and beyond the Revolutionary epoch. One of the two remaining, the Mercury, suspended publication in 1746, while the other, the Pennsylvania Chronicle, was discontinued in 1773. During the thirty years which may be said to comprise the Revolutionary era the Pennsylvania Gazette and the Pennsylvania Journal were important factors in the mirroring and the unfolding of passing events. The Pennsylvania Packet or General Advertiser, which had its inception in 1771, was the first newspaper established in the Revolutionary epoch. Its publisher, John Dunlap, was a man of varied abilities and broad enterprise, as was also his subsequent partner, David C. Claypoole. As already stated, this journal in 1784 developed in a daily paper, the first in America. The influence of the Packet during this time was incalculable. It was during this era, also, that were born, among others, The Freeman's Journal, or The North American Intelligencer, the Independent Gazetteer, The Pennsylvania Mercury and Universal Advertiser, the Pennsylvania Evening Herald, the Philadelphia Gazette, the Gazette of the United States, and The Aurora. It was in this period, also, that the following journalists of individuality and power, whether in the line of good or of evil, in addition to those already mentioned, made their appearance in the broadening newspaper arena: Robert Aitken, William Goddard, Francis Bailey, Hugh Henry Brackenridge, Eleazer Oswald, Daniel Humphreys, Mathew Carey, Andrew Brown (father and son), Thomas Paine, Samuel Relf, John-Fenno, John Ward Fenno, Benjamin Franklin Bache, William Duane, Philip Freneau, James Carey, and William Cobbett. Abell, Azariah Simmons, Edmund Morris, Russell Jarvis, Alexander Cummings, Joseph M. Church, Philip R. Freas, Charles G. Leland, Gibson Peacock, John W. Forney, George W. Childs, Charles J. Biddle, John Russell Young, James R. Young, Charles E. Warburton, W. W. Harding, Washington L. Lane, Joseph Sailer, L. Clarke Davis, William V. McKean, James Elverson, Robert S. Davis, and a host of other names equally suggestive of brilliant journalistic achievement. After the close of the war the class of special journals devoted to the interests of particular trades or professions was greatly multiplied. The following list of such publications established since the war is illustrative: The Agents' Herald, the American Journal of Photography, the American Silk and Fruit Culturist, the Band Journal, the Banjo and Guitar Journal, the Barbers' National Journal, the Brewers' and Dealers' Journal, the Bullion Miner and Coal Record, the Carpenter, the Carpet Journal, the Carriage Monthly, the Caterer, the Clerk, the Coin Collectors' Herald, the Confectioners' Journal, the Hammer, the Hosiery and Knit Goods Manufacturer, the Ice Trade Journal, the Iron, the Printers' Circular, the Real Estate Reporter, the Sugar Beet, the Textile Colorist, the Thoroughbred Stock Journal, and the Tobacconist. While the press of Philadelphia, during its one hundred and sixty-five years' history, has made emphatic progress, not only in numbers and in scope, but in material influence and prosperity, yet it has, perhaps, made even greater advancement in tone and morale. It is true that modern journalism is not devoid of a personal tendency; but something of astonishment would surely be engendered were such an article as the following duplicated in any newspaper at the present day. Mathew Carey, in 1800, thus pays his respects to William Cobbett: Most of the journals established about the beginning of the present century were strong party organs, deeply interested in political discussion and action. Within the era continuing up to the close of the civil war three great wars were fought, and within the time also occurred those radical controversies over Native Americanism, Anti-Masonry, nullification, emancipation, secession, reconstruction, greenbackism, and kindred questions. Newspapers were founded with the especial object of defending some one of these issues. Indeed, the newspapers of America have made as well as unmade parties, have made and unmade administrations, have made and unmade policies, have made and unmade public officials, and in this work of construction and destruction the press of Philadelphia has played no minor rôle. Among the influential journals established during this period, the following may be enumerated the Portfolio (1801), Freeman's Journal (1804), afterward the Palladium, Commercial and Political Register (1804), Democratic Press (1807) American Sentinel (1811), Franklin Gazette (1818), National Gazette (1820), Columbian Observer (1822), Commercial Herald (1827), Pennsylvania Gazette (1827), Daily Chronicle (1828), afterwards Daily Courier, Pennsylvania Inquirer (1829), Pennsylvanian (1832), Public Ledger (1836), Spirit of the Times (1837), Pennsylvania Demokrat (1838), North American (1839), Daily Sun (1843), Evening Bulletin (1847), Daily News (1848), The Press (1857), The Age (1863), and Evening Telegraph (1864). provided you can amass money enough to secure you a competence at Among the editors of this era we may name Joseph Dennie, Charles Brockden Brown, William Jackson, John Binns, John W. Scott, Richard Folwell, Robert Walsh, Robert Morris, William McCorkle, Adam Waldie, Richard Bache, Eliakim Littell, Charles Alexander, Samuel C. Atkinson, John R. Walker, Jesper Harding, Robert T. Conrad, James Gordon Bennett, John S. Du Solle, Louis A. Godey, Joseph C. Neal, Morton McMichael, George R. Graham, Joseph R. Chandler, Dr. Robert M. Bird, John Jay Smith, Charles J. Peterson, Joseph R. Flanigan, Edgar Allen Poe, William F. Small, William M. Swain, A. S. "Wretch as you are, accursed by God, and hated by man, the most tremendous scourge that hell ever vomited forth to curse a people by sowing discord among them, I desire not the honor or credit of being abused or vilified by you. I have not leisure to attend to a controversy, unless I am driven to recommence the trade of newspaper printing, and make a profession of scribbling. This, if I cannot escape your coarse, low-lived abuse, I shall certainly and infallibly do; and then I will hold you up to the execration of mankind. "But no! I will never disgrace my paper with your detested name. Callous and case-hardened, you draw subsistence from your infamy and notoriety. Hissed and hooted by the pointing crowd,' you care not, the close of your dishonorable career. But your writings I shall so cut up and strip of their sophistry as to make even 'Folly's self to stare,' and wonder how she could possibly have been so long duped by you. To send a challenge to a blasted, posted, loathsome coward would sink me almost to a level with yourself." The extreme violence and virulence of this tirade is measurably mitigated, when one considers how richly the object of it deserved the severest denunciation. Cobbett was an acrimonious and vituperative writer, great in invective and abuse, and was wont to attribute the basest motives to his opponents. He quarreled with every newspaper proprietor and almost every prominent man in the city, and was prosecuted |